Congenital Vascular Malformations: A Comprehensive Review of Current Management

 

Description:

This book is a superbly illustrated guide to the diagnosis and treatment of congenital vascular malformations (CVMs) that will enable the reader to avoid the serious pitfalls that may arise when caring for patients with this rare and complex group of lesions. After discussion of pathogenesis, classification, and differential diagnosis from vascular tumors, the clinical features of CVMs are described and illustrated, covering both the various forms (venous, arteriovenous, lymphatic, capillary, and mixed) and presentations at different anatomic sites. The current role of CT, MRI, scintigraphy, and angiography in diagnostic evaluation is explained, and treatment options, including conservative treatment, are then considered in detail. The discussion of endovascular treatment, or embolo-sclerotherapy, includes instruction on patient selection, embolic and sclerosing materials, access to the target lesion, site-specific variations in treatment strategy, and complications and their management. Indications for and performance of surgical/excisional therapy and laser therapy are also fully considered.

 

Table of Contents:

 

Part I: Introduction

1: Congenital Vascular Malformations: An Historical Account

An Overview

References

2: Embryological Background of Congenital Vascular Malformations

Introduction

Development of the Blood Vascular System

Development of the Arterial System

Anomalous Development of the Aortic Arch

Development of the Venous System

Anomalous Development of the Superior and Inferior Vena Cava

Development of the Lymphatic System

Anomalous Development of the Lymphatic System

Summary

References

Part II: Pathogenesis of Congenital Vascular Malformation (CVM)

3: Angiogenesis and Vascular Malformations

Venous Malformations

Arteriovenous Malformations [AVMs]

Summary

References

4: Genetic Aspects of Vascular Malformations

Introduction

References

5: Epidemiologic Aspect of Congenital Vascular Malformation

References

6: Provoking Factors for Aggravation of Congenital Vascular Malformation

Tissue Overgrowth

Hormonal Changes: Puberty, Menstrual Cycle, and Pregnancy

Trauma

Iatrogenic Provoking Factors: Surgery and Endovascular Therapy

Bibliography

Part III: Classification and Definition/Nomenclature

7: General Overview

Hamburg Classification [17–20]

ISSVA Classification [21–24]

References

8: ISSVA Classification of Vascular Anomalies

Introduction

References

9: Hamburg Classification: Vascular Malformation

References

10: Angiographic Classification: Arteriovenous Malformation and Venous Malformation

Introduction

Venous Malformation: Angiographic Classification

References

11: New Arteriographic Classification of AVM Based on the Yakes Classification System

Therapeutic Implications of the Yakes Classification

Embolic Agents Employed in the Yakes AVM Classification

References

Part IV: Contemporary Diagnosis of CVM: Clinical Features and Evaluation

12: General Overview

Hemangioma

Congenital Vascular Malformation

Arteriovenous Malformations

Venous Malformations

Lymphatic Malformations and Capillary Malformations

Evaluation

References

13: Differential Diagnosis from Hemangioma

Introduction

Differentiation Between Vascular Tumor and Vascular Malformation

Features of Hemangiomas

Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma

References

14: Venous Malformation of the Head and Neck and Extremities

Clinical Presentation of VM

Uncommon Forms of Venous Malformation

Laboratory Evaluation

Imaging of VM

References

15: Venous Malformation: Truncular Form

References

16: Hemolymphatic Malformation: Mixed Form Congenital Vascular Malformation

Definition and Classification

Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome

Clinical Presentation

Diagnosis

Treatment of Hemolymphatic Malformation Lesions

Conservative Treatment

Endovascular Therapy

Sclerotherapy Agents

Embolotherapy Agents

Endovenous Thermal Ablation

Surgical Therapy

References

17: Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs): Clinical Features and Evaluation

Introduction

Clinical Features

Imaging of AVMs

Simple Radiography

Color Doppler Imaging

CT Scan

MRI

Angiography

Transarterial Lung Perfusion Scintigraphy (TLPS)

References

18: Lymphatic Malformation (LM) (Extratruncular): Lymphangioma

Introduction

Classification

Pathophysiology

Clinical Presentation

Diagnosis

Treatment

References

19: Truncular Lymphatic Malformation (LM): Primary Lymphedema

Classification

Lymphedema in Syndromes

Special Types of Primary Lymphedema

References

20: Clinical Features and Evaluation of Superficial & Deep Capillary Malformation (CM)

Port-Wine Stains

Naevus Unna

Cutis Marmorata Telangiectatica Congenita (Van Lohuizen Syndrome)

Ataxia-Telangiectasia (Louis-Bar Syndrome)

Generalized Essential Telangiectasia (Angioma Serpiginosum)

Spider Nevus (Nevus Araneus)

Other Telangiectasias

Capillary-Lymphatic Malformations

Hyperkeratotic Capillary Malformation

Lymphedema

Venous Malformations

Arterial Malformations

Rendu-Osler-Weber Syndrome (Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia)

Capillary Vascular Malformation with Associated Mesenchymal Malformations (Neurocutaneous and Dys

Literature

Part V: Contemporary Diagnosis of CVM: Imaging Modalities

21: Contemporary Diagnosis: Imaging Modalities – Overview

References

22: Contemporary Diagnosis: MRI and MRA

Introduction

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI

Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI: Clinical Evaluation

CAPRT Time-Resolved Imaging

Angiography

References

23: Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Congenital Vascular Malformation

References

24: CT and CT Angiogram in the Diagnosis of Congenital Vascular Malformations

References

25: Radionuclide Scintigraphy for Congenital Vascular Malformations

Introduction

Imaging Principles and Methods

WBBPS and SPECT

TLPS

Extremity Lymphoscintigraphy

Clinical Applications

Diagnosis and Characterization of Vascular Malformations

Extent of Vascular Malformations

Therapy Response Evaluation and Follow-Up

References

26: Indocyanine Green (ICG) Lymphography

Introduction

Protocol of Dynamic ICG Lymphography

ICG Lymphography Findings

Primary Lymphedema Classification

ICG Lymphography Classification for Lymphedema Management

References

27: Microscopic Lymphangiography

Lymphatic Vasomotion and Lymphatic Flow Motion

Microlymphography in Healthy Individuals, in Chronic Venous Disease, and in Lymphedema

Compressible Primary Lymphedema

Moderately Compressible Primary Lymphedema

Noncompressible Primary Lymphedema

References

28: MR Lymphangiography

Contrast Agent and Material Administration

MRL Examination

Image Interpretation

References

Part VI: Contemporary Management of CVM

29: Management of Congenital Vascular Malformation: Overview

Reference

30: Endovascular Treatment of Vascular Malformation: An Overview

Endovascular Occlusive Agents

Endovascular Treatment of Arteriovenous Malformations

Endovascular Treatment of AVMs based on  Yakes AVM Classification

Summary

References

31: Endovascular Treatment of Venous Malformation in the Head and Neck, Trunk, and Extremities

Introduction

Techniques

Sclerotherapy or Percutaneous Embolization of Extra Truncal VM

Outcome of Endovascular Treatment of VMs

Endovascular Treatment of Truncal Venous Malformations

Summary

References

32: Endovascular Treatment of AVMs: Head and Neck

General Concepts

Concepts in Patient Management

Complications

Summary

References

33: Endovascular Treatment of AVM: Trunk and Extremity

General Overview

Embolic and Sclerosing Agents

Embolic Agents

Particle Embolic Agents

N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate (NBCA)

Onyx

Coils

Sclerosing Agent

Ethanol

Stent Graft

References

34: Management of Lymphatic Malformations

Introduction

Embryologic Basis of the Classification

Clinical Presentation

Truncular Lymphatic Malformations

Extra-truncular Lymphatic Malformations

Macrocystic, Microcystic and Mixed Lesions

Combined and Complex Malformations

Lymphangiectasia

Investigations

Duplex Ultrasound

Vascular Tumour Versus Malformation

Lymphatic Malformation Versus Arteriovenous Malformation

Lymphatic Malformation Versus Venous Malformation

Previously Treated or Thrombosed Lesions

Microcystic and Mixed Lymphatic Malformations

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Other Imaging Modalities

Other Investigations

Treatment

General Measures

Specific Measures

Conservative Measures

Medical Treatment

Interventions for Macrocystic Lesions

Sclerotherapy

Endovascular Laser Ablation (EVLA)

Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA)

Interventions for Microcystic and Mucosal Lesions

Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA)

Lasers

Surgery

Surgical Resection

Endoscopic Laser Resection

Surgical Debulking

Liposuction

Sclerotherapy

Techniques

Setting

Image Guidance

Access

Drainage

Saline Flush

Local Anaesthetic

Perivascular Tumescent Anaesthesia

Intralesional Lignocaine

Sclerosant

Post-operative Compression

Post-operative Antibiotics

Sclerosing Agents

Doxycycline

Sodium Tetradecyl Sulphate (STS)

Polidocanol (POL)

Bleomycin

OK-432 (Picibanil)

Ethanol

References

35: Complications of Endovascular Treatment of Peripheral Congenital Vascular Malformations

Introduction

Factors Influencing the Risk of Complications

Sclerosing and Embolic Agents

Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs)

Venous Malformations

Lymphatic Malformations

Localized Complications

Pain and Swelling

Foam Sclerosants

Ethanol

Viscous Embolic Agents and Coils

Lymphatic Agents

Skin and Soft Tissue

Foam Sclerosants

Ethanol

Viscous Embolic Agents and Coils

Lymphatic Agents

Nerve Injury

Foam Sclerosants

Ethanol

Viscous Embolic Agents and Coils

Lymphatic Agents

Major and Systemic Complications

Cardiovascular and Pulmonary

Foam Sclerosants

Ethanol

Viscous Embolic Agents and Coils

Lymphatic Agents

Cerebrovascular Events

Foam Sclerosants

Ethanol

Viscous Embolic Agents

Coils and Lymphatic Agents

Thrombotic Complications

Foam Sclerosants

Ethanol

Viscous Embolic Agents, Coils and Lymphatic Agents

Haemoglobinuria

Foam Sclerosants

Ethanol

Viscous Embolic Agents, Coils and Lymphatic Agents

Distal Embolism

Anaphylaxis

Other Complications

Complications Secondary to Anaesthesia

Mortality

References

36: Surgical Treatment of Low-Flow CVM

Summary

Surgical Treatment of Truncular Defects

Surgical Treatment of Extratruncular VM

References

37: Surgical Treatment for High-Flow CVM

References

38: Combined Surgical and Endovascular Approaches

References

39: Management of Deep Vein Aplasia, Hypoplasia, and Lateral Marginal Vein

References

40: Surgical Treatments for Lymphedema

Basic Concept of Surgical Treatment of Lymphedema

Historical Background

Anatomical Surgery

Direct Surgical Excision

Indications

Surgical Methods

Charles’ Operation

Homans’ Operation

Sistrunk’s Operation and Thompson’s Operation

Results

Liposuction

Indications

Results

Functional Surgery

Flap Interposition

Lymphatic-Lymphatic Bypass

Lymphovenous Bypass or Anastomosis and Lymphaticovenular Anastomosis

Vascularized Lymph Node Transfers (VLNT)

Outcomes

Summary

References

41: Complex Decongestive Therapy of Primary Lymphedema

Introduction

Complex Decongestive Therapy (CDT) on Limb

General Remarks of Two-Phase CDT [9, 10]

Phase 1: Decongestive Phase

Phase 2: Self-Management Phase

CDT on Genital/Lower Abdominal Area or Face

Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Pump (IPC)

Special Issues in the Treatment of Primary Lymphedema

CDT-Based Therapy Issues of Primary Leg Lymphedema

References

42: Laser Therapy of Superficial and Deep Capillary Malformation (CM): Principles of Laser Techno

Principles of Laser Treatment

Capillary Malformations

Extratruncular Lymphatic Malformation

Microcystic (“Solid”) Lymphatic Malformation “ITT”

Mucous Membrane Affection

Bare Fiber Contact Vaporization

Intraluminal (Intracystic) Technique

Cutaneous/Subcutaneous Malformation

Soft Tissue Phlebectasias

Glomuvenous Malformation (“Glomangioma”)

Arterial Malformations

Rendu-Osler-Weber Syndrome (Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia)

References

43: Conservative/Medical Treatment of CVM

Conservative Treatment

Medical Treatment

Venous Malformations

Lymphatic Malformations

Arteriovenous Malformations

Drugs in CVM

Thalidomide

Sildenafil

Sirolimus

Estrogen and Progesterone

Octreotide

References

Part VII: Special Issue in the CVM Management

44: Multidisciplinary Team Approach for Patients with Congenital Vascular Malformation (CVM): Expe

References

45: Congenital Vascular Bone Syndrome: Limb Length Discrepancy

Introduction

Prevalence

Pathophysiology of CVBS

Clinical Features

Risk Factors for Development of CVBS in CVM Patients

Diagnosis of CVBS

Management of CVBS

References

46: Biological Approaches to the Aggressive CVM Lesion (Antiangiogenic Therapy)

AV Malformation (AVM)

Venous Malformations (VM) and Lymphatic Malformations (LM)

Summary

References

47: Pelvic Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis of Pelvic AVM

Angiographic Anatomy

Treatment of Pelvic AVM

References

48: Treatment Strategy on Chylolymphatic/Lymphatic Reflux

Introduction: Historical Background

Definition

Thoracic Duct

Adverse Effects of Anomalous Lymph/Chyle Circulation

Treatments

Medical Management

Surgical Management

Chylothorax

Chylous Ascites

References

Medical Management

Surgical Management

Chylothorax

Chylous Ascites

49: Treatment Strategy on Neonatal and Infant CVMs

Introduction

Epidemiology

General Therapeutic Analysis

References

50: Strategy in Pediatric Patients

General Considerations

Specific Considerations

References

Epilogue

Index

 

An aparitie	2 Nov. 2017
Autor	Young-Wook Kim, Byung-Boong Lee, Wayne F. Yakes , Young-Soo Do
Dimensiuni	18.42 x 2.54 x 25.4 cm
Editura	Springer
Format	Hardcover
ISBN	9783662467084
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	382