Vitamin C: New Biochemical and Functional Insights: 1 (Oxidative Stress and Disease)

 

Description:

Vitamin C holds a unique place in scientific and cultural history. In this book, a group of leading scientific researchers describe new insights into the myriad ways vitamin C is employed during normal physiological functioning. In addition, the text provides an extensive overview of the following: the rationale for utilizing vitamin C in the clinic, updates on recent uses of vitamin C in cancer treatment through high-dose intravenous therapies, the role vitamin C plays in the treatment of sepsis and infectious disease, management of the ways vitamin C can improve stem cell differentiation, as well as vitamin C use in other important health situations. Features Includes chapters from a team of leading international scholars Reviews the history and recent research on the functions, benefits, and uses of vitamin C Focuses special attention on the way vitamin C can be used in the treatment of cancers Discusses how vitamin C can be employed against infectious disease

 

Table of Contents:

 

Part I: Overview of Vitamin C

1. A “C Odyssey”: Recommended Dietary Allowances and Optimal Health: Paradigm and Promise of Vitamin C

Introduction: Recommended Dietary Allowances and their Limitations

Concentration-Function Hypothesis: Physiology/Pharmacokinetic Approaches

Vitamin C as a Model Vitamin

Vitamin C Physiology and Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Humans: Tight Control and Underlying Mechanisms

Bioavailability and Unexpected Consequences

Tissue Transport and Unexpected Consequences

Renal Reabsorption

Utilization

Paradigm and Promise

Abbreviations

Acknowledgments

References

Part II: Chemistry and Biology of Vitamin C

2. Chemistry and Biochemistry of Vitamin C in Mammalian Systems

Introduction

Ascorbate Chemistry

Recycling of the Ascorbyl Radical

Autoxidation

Chemistry of dehydroascorbate

GLUT-Mediated Uptake of DHA

Regeneration of DHA

Fate of DHA Breakdown Products

Pro-oxidant activity of ascorbate

Summary

References

3. Vitamin C Alimentation via SLC Solute Carriers

Introduction

Initial Cloning and Characterization

Functional Properties of THE SLC23 Family

Phylogenetic Aspects

Structure-Function Relationship of the SLC23 Family

Overall Fold and Transmembrane Architecture

Domain Architecture and Mechanism of Transport

Substrate-Binding Site

Dimerization

Physiological Roles

Tissue Distribution

Knockout Mice

Role of SVCT in Human Health and Ascorbic Acid Recycling

Regulation of THE Expression of SVCT1 and SVCT2

Pathological Role

Inflammation, Infection

Chronic Alcohol Abuse

Cancer

Huntington Disease

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

Pharmacological Relevance

References

4. Vitamin C Pharmacokinetics

Introduction

Pharmacokinetics of Vitamin C

Oral Route of Administration

Absorption

Distribution

Metabolism

Excretion and Reuptake

Steady-State Homeostasis of Vitamin C Following Oral Administration/Intake

Effect of Dosing Forms and Formulations

Intravenous Route of Administration

Distribution

Metabolism and Excretion

Vitamin C Homeostasis

Influence of Polymorphisms

Smoking

Disease

Concluding Remarks

References

5. Ascorbate as an Enzyme Cofactor

Introduction

Tissue Distribution of Ascorbate in Humans

Ascorbate as a Cofactor for Iron-Containing Enzymes

Reaction Mechanism of the 2-Oxoglutarate–Dependent Dioxygenases

Role of Ascorbate in the Reaction Cycle of 2-OGDDs

Estimation of Ascorbate Concentrations Required to Support 2-OGDDs

Effect of Ascorbate Availability on 2-OGDD–Mediated Processes

Ascorbate and Collagen Synthesis

Ascorbate and Carnitine Synthesis

Ascorbate and Regulation of the Hypoxic Response

Ascorbate and Epigenetics

Ten-Eleven Translocase Enzymes and Ascorbate in Epigenetics and Development

Ascorbate and TET Enzymes in Cancer

Ascorbate and Other 2-OGDDs in Cancer

Ascorbate as a Cofactor for Copper-Containing Monooxygenases

Dopamine β-Hydroxylase

Peptidylglycine α-Amidating Monooxygenase

Effect of Ascorbate Availability on Copper-Containing Monooxygenase-Mediated Processes

Oxytocin

Vasopressor Functions—Vasopressin and Norepinephrine

Tetrahydrobiopterin Recycling

Substance P

Summary

References

6. Role of Ascorbate and Dehydroascorbic Acid in Metabolic Integration of the Cell

Introduction

Vitamin C in Metabolism: Redox Context

Ascorbate-Requiring Enzymes and their Subcellular Compartmentalization

Fe[II]/2-Oxoglutarate–Dependent Dioxygenases

Copper Type II Ascorbate-Dependent Monooxygenases

Subcellular Transport of Vitamin C

SVCTs in the Intracellular Membranes

GLUT Family Members in the Intracellular Membranes

Mitochondrial Vitamin C Transport

Vitamin C in Mitochondria

Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Elimination

Vitamin C in Mitochondrial Antioxidant Defense

Vitamin C and Mitochondrial Electron Transfer

Ascorbate Compartmentalization and Human Diseases

Scurvy and Subcellular Scurvy

Werner Syndrome

Arterial Tortuosity Syndrome

Ascorbate in the Orchestration of Metabolism

References

Part III: Vitamin C and Immune Function

7. Vitamin C in Pneumonia and Sepsis

Introduction

Pneumonia and Vitamin C

Sepsis and Vitamin C

Acute Lung Dysfunction

Role of Neutrophils

Mechanisms of Action

Biosynthetic Functions

Gene Regulatory Functions

Conclusions and Future Directions

Acknowledgments

References

8. Vitamin C in Immune Cell Function

Introduction

Ascorbate Levels in Immune Cells

Hypoxia-Inducible Factors and Dependency on Ascorbate

Function of THE Hypoxic Response in Immune Cells

Monocytes/Macrophages

Neutrophils

T Cells

Ascorbate and Regulation of Epigenetics in Immune Cells

Monocytes/Macrophages

Dendritic Cells

T Cells

NK Cells

Summary

References

9. Role of Vitamin C in Chronic Wound Healing

Introduction

Structure of Skin

Wound Healing in Acute Versus Chronic Wounds

ProblemS with Chronic Wounds

Vitamin C

Vitamin C Content of Skin

Effect of Vitamin C on Wound Healing

Wound Healing in Scurvy

Animal Studies and Wound Healing

Biological Roles of Vitamin C in Wound Repair

Promotion of Collagen Formation

Ability to Regulate Inflammatory Responses

Interaction with Cell Signaling Pathways

Modulation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Signaling

Chronic Wounds and Vitamin C: Human Studies

Vitamin C Status of Those with Chronic Wounds

Interventional Studies of Chronic Wounds

Summary

References

Part IV: Vitamin C and Neurological Function

10. Vitamin C in Neurological Function and Neurodegenerative Disease

Introduction

Vitamin C–Dependent Mechanisms in the Brain

Role of Vitamin C in Oxidative Stress

Vitamin C as an Enzyme Cofactor

Glutamate Clearance and Excitotoxicity

Methodological Considerations and Clinical Research Challenges

Vitamin C and Alzheimer Disease

Background, Presentation, Etiology

Vitamin C and Molecular Mechanisms of AD

Oxidative Stress and β-Amyloid

Glutamate–Ascorbic Acid Exchange Mechanism and Seizure Susceptibility

Clinical and Epidemiological Evidence for Involvement of Vitamin C in AD

Huntington Disease

Background, Presentation, Etiology

Vitamin C and Molecular Mechanisms of HD

Oxidative Stress

Glutamate Homeostasis and Vitamin C Release

Clinical and Epidemiological Evidence for Involvement of Vitamin C in HD

Parkinson Disease

Background, Presentation, Etiology

Vitamin C and Molecular Mechanisms of PD

Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Function

Glutamate Homeostasis and Excitotoxicity

Clinical and Epidemiological Evidence for Involvement of Vitamin C in PD

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Multiple Sclerosis

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Vitamin C and Molecular Mechanisms of ALS

Clinical Evidence for Involvement of Vitamin C in ALS

Multiple Sclerosis

Vitamin C and Molecular Mechanisms of MS

Clinical Evidence for Involvement of Vitamin C in MS

Summary and Conclusions

Abbreviations

References

11. Vitamin C and the Brain

Introduction

Vitamin C: Brain Physiology and Homeostasis

Physiology

Homeostasis

Vitamin C Deficiency and the Mind–Body Problem

Mental Effects of Vitamin C Deficiency

Case Reports

Experimental Human Scurvy

Movement Disorder

Mental Effects of Treating Hypovitaminosis C

Conclusions

Brain Diseases

Acute Brain Injury

Ischemic Brain Infarction

Delirium

Dementia

Mental Illness

Pharmacologic Vitamin C and Mental Function

Conclusions

How Does Vitamin C Deficiency Affect the Brain?

Brain Diseases

Pharmacologic Vitamin C and Mental Function

Mind–Body Problem

What Is the Best Dose of Vitamin C for the Brain?

References

12. The Epigenetic Role of Vitamin C in Neurological Development and Disease

Introduction

Vitamin C in DNA and Histone Methylation

DNA Demethylation

Histone Demethylation

Vitamin C in Neurological Development and Function

Vitamin C and Neurons

Neurotransmitters

Catecholamines

Glutamate and Acetylcholine

Serotonin

5hmC and Neurodevelopment

Vitamin C, Methylation Dynamics, and Neurological Disease

Alzheimer Disease

Epilepsy

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Index

 

An aparitie	4 Feb. 2020
Autor	Qi Chen , Margreet C M Vissers
Dimensiuni	18.29 x 1.78 x 25.65 cm
Editura	CRC Press
Format	Hardcover
ISBN	9781138337992
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	268