Neuroanatomy for the Neuroscientist

 

Description:

 

The purpose of this textbook is to enable a Neuroscientist to discuss the structure and functions of the brain at a level appropriate for students at many levels of study including undergraduate, graduate, dental or medical school level. It is truer in neurology than in any other system of medicine that a firm knowledge of basic science material, that is, the anatomy, physiology and pathology of the nervous system, enables one to readily arrive at the diagnosis of where the disease process is located and to apply their knowledge at solving problems in clinical situations. The authors have a long experience in teaching neuroscience courses at the first or second year level to medical and dental students and to residents in which clinical information and clinical problem solving are integral to the course.

 

 

Table of Contents:

 

Part I: Introduction to the Central Nervous System

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Central Nervous System

1.1 The Neuron

1.2 The Nervous System

1.2.1 Peripheral Nervous System (Fig. 1.3)

1.2.2 Central Nervous System

1.2.2.1 Spinal Cord (Fig. 1.5)

1.2.2.2 Brain

Brain Stem (Chaps. 5–7) (Fig. 1.6)

Cerebellum (Chap. 13) (Fig. 1.6)

Diencephalon (Chap. 8) (Fig. 1.6)

Cerebrum Cerebral Hemispheres (Chaps. 10–17) (Fig. 1.8)

Basal Ganglia (Fig. 1.10) (Chap. 12)

Central Nervous System Pathways

The Motor–Sensory Cortex (Fig. 1.8)

Introduction to Functional Localization Within the CNS

Bibliography

Chapter 2: Neurocytology: Cells of the CNS

2.1 The Neuron

2.1.1 Dendrites

2.1.2 Soma

2.1.3 Golgi Type I and II Neurons

2.1.4 Dendritic Spines (Fig. 2.2)

2.1.5 Nucleus

2.1.5.1 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Nissl Body (Figs. 2.6 and 2.7)

2.1.5.2 Mitochondria (Figs. 2.8 and 2.12)

2.1.5.3 Neurosecretory Granules

2.1.6 Neuronal Cytoskeleton

2.1.7 Microtubules and Axoplasmic Flow

2.1.8 Neurofibrillary Tangles

2.1.8.1 Axon and Axon Origin (Axon Hillock) (Fig. 2.10a)

2.1.8.2 Myelin Sheath: The Insulator in an Aqueous Media (Fig. 2.14)

2.1.8.3 Myelination: Schwann Cell in PNS and Oligodendrocyte in CNS

2.1.8.4 Central Nervous System Pathways

2.2 Synapse

2.2.1 Synaptic Structure

2.2.2 Synaptic Types

2.2.3 Synaptic Transmission

2.2.4 Neurotransmitters (Table 2.3)

2.2.5 Modulators of Neurotransmission

2.2.6 Synaptic Vesicles (Fig. 2.16) (Table 2.4)

2.2.6.1 Excitatory Synapses

2.2.6.2 Inhibitory Synapses

2.2.6.3 Synaptic Architecture (Fig. 2.17)

2.2.7 Effectors and Receptors

2.3 Supporting Cells of the Central Nervous System

2.3.1 Astrocytes (Figs. 2.6 and 2.14; Table 2.7)

2.3.2 Oligodendrocytes (Fig. 2.9)

2.3.3 Endothelial Cells

2.3.4 Mononuclear Cells: Monocytes and Microglia

2.3.4.1 Mononuclear Cells/Mesodermal in Origin

2.3.5 Ependymal Cells (Fig. 2.20)

2.3.6 Supporting Cells in the Peripheral Nervous System

2.4 Response of the Nervous System to Injury

2.4.1 Degeneration

2.5 Regeneration

2.5.1 Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

2.5.2 Regeneration in the Central Nervous System

2.5.3 Neurogenesis in the Adult Brain Stem

2.5.4 Nerve Growth Factors (NGF)

2.5.5 Glial Response to Injury

2.6 Blood–Brain Barrier

2.6.1 Blood–Brain Barrier (Fig. 2.24)

2.6.2 Extracellular Space

Specific References

Chapter 3: Neuroembryology and Congenital Malformations

3.1 Formation of the Central Nervous System

3.2 Histogenesis

3.2.1 Repair of Damaged Nervous System

3.2.2 Growth Cone Guidance

3.2.3 Programmed Cell Death (PCD): Apoptosis

3.2.4 Neuronal Death

3.2.5 Development of Blood Vessels in the Brain

3.2.6 Ventricular System

3.2.7 Formation of Peripheral Nervous System

3.2.8 Spinal Cord Differentiation

3.3 Brain Differentiation

3.3.1 Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain) > Pons, Medulla, and Cerebellum

3.3.2 Mesencephalon > Adult Midbrain

3.3.3 Prosencephalon > Cerebral Hemispheres and Diencephalon

3.3.4 Diencephalon

3.3.5 Cranial Nerves

3.3.5.1 Cranial Nerve Innervation for Muscles of Somite Origin

3.3.5.2 Cranial Nerves Innervating the Muscles (Skeletal) and Skin in the Pharyngeal Arches (Tab

3.3.5.3 Mammals Have a Total of Six Arches (Table 3.5)

3.3.5.4 Preganglionic Parasympathetic Innervation to the Smooth Muscle

3.3.5.5 Cranial Nerves Associated with the Special Senses

3.3.6 Telencephalon

3.3.7 Primary Sulci

3.3.8 Development of the Cerebral Cortex

3.4 Prenatal Development of the Cerebral Cortex

3.5 Changes in the Cortical Architecture as a Function of Postnatal Age

3.6 Abnormal Development

3.6.1 Malformations Resulting from Abnormalities in Growth and Migration with Incomplete Develop

3.6.2 Genetically Linked Migration Disorders

3.6.2.1 Laboratory Data

3.6.3 Environmentally Induced Migration Disorder: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

3.6.4 Malformations Resulting from Chromosomal Trisomy and Translocation

3.6.5 Malformations Resulting from Defective Fusion of Dorsal Structures

3.6.6 Malformations Characterized by Excessive Growth of Ectodermal and Mesodermal Tissue Affecti

3.6.7 Cutaneous Angiomatosis with Associated Malformations of the Central Nervous System

3.6.8 Malformations Resulting from Abnormalities in the Ventricular System

Bibliography

Chapter 4: Spinal Cord

4.1 Gross Anatomy

4.1.1 Spinal Cord: Structure and Function

4.1.2 Nerve Roots

4.1.3 Gray Matter

4.2 Interneurons

4.3 Central Pattern Generators

4.4 Segmental Function

4.4.1 Motor/Ventral Horn Cells

4.4.2 Sensory Receptors

4.4.3 Stretch Receptors

4.5 Nociception and Pain

4.5.1 Modulation of Pain Transmission

4.6 White Matter Tracts

4.6.1 Descending Tracts in the Spinal Cord

4.6.2 Ascending Tracts in the Spinal Cord

4.6.3 The Anterolateral Pathway

4.7 Upper and Lower Motor Neurons Lesions

4.7.1 Upper Motor Neuron Lesion (UMN)

4.7.2 Lower Motor Neuron Lesion

4.8 Illustrative Spinal Cord Case Histories

4.9 Illustrative Non-spinal Cord Cases with Involvement of Specific Peripheral Nerves: Case Histor

4.10 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Bibliography

Chapter 5: Brain Stem: Gross Anatomy

5.1 Gross Anatomical Divisions

5.1.1 Sites of Transition

5.2 Relationship of Regions in the Brain to the Ventricular System: Fig. 5.2

5.3 Gross Anatomy of Brain Stem and Diencephalon

5.3.1 Anterior Surface of Gross Brain Stem: Fig. 5.3

5.3.1.1 Anterior Surface Medulla and Pons

5.3.1.2 Anterior Surface Midbrain

5.3.2 Posterior Surface of Brain Stem and Diencephalon: Fig. 5.4

5.3.2.1 Medulla and Pons Posterior Surface (Fig. 5.4)

5.3.2.2 Midbrain Posterior Surface

5.3.2.3 Diencephalon: Ventral and Posterior Surfaces

5.4 Arterial Blood Supply to the Brain Stem and Diencephalon (Fig. 5.5)

5.4.1 Medulla

5.4.2 Pons

5.4.3 Midbrain

5.4.4 Diencephalon

Bibliography

Chapter 6: Brain Stem Functional Localization

6.1 Introduction to the Brain Stem

6.2 Differences Between the Spinal Cord and Brain Stem

6.3 Functional Localization in Brain Stem Coronal Sections and an Atlas of the Brain Stem

6.3.1 Medulla

6.3.1.1 Blood Supply Branches from the Vertebral Artery

6.3.1.2 Ventricular Zone

6.3.1.3 Lateral Zone

6.3.1.4 Medial Zone

6.3.1.5 Central Zone

6.3.1.6 Ventricular Zone

6.3.1.7 Lateral Zone

6.3.2 Pons-Blood Supply: Basilar Artery and Its Branches

6.3.2.1 Gross pons

6.3.2.2 Pons Ventricular Zone

6.3.2.3 Pons Lateral Zone

6.3.2.4 Pons Medial Zone

6.3.2.5 Pons Lateral Zone

6.3.3 Midbrain Blood Supply: Basila Arrteraynd Posterio Crerebral Arteries

6.3.3.1 Gross Anatomy Inferior Colliculus

6.4 Midbrain Tectum

6.5 Midbrain Tegmentum

6.6 Superior Colliculus

6.6.1 Midbrain Tegmentum

6.6.2 Blood Supply: Posterior Cerebral Arteries

6.7 Superior Colliculus Tectum

6.8 Superior Colliculus Tegmentum

6.8.1 Superior ColliculusVentricular Zone

6.8.1.1 Sensory Cranial Nerve Nuclei (Fig. 6.8a)

6.8.1.2 Motor Cranial Nerve Nuclei (Fig. 6.8)

6.8.1.3 Lateral Zone

6.8.1.4 Superior Colliculus/Anterolateral Column

6.8.1.5 Cerebellar Fibers

6.9 Functional Centers in the Brain Stem

6.9.1 Reticular Formation

6.9.1.1 Role of Descending Reticular Systems

6.9.1.2 Neurochemically Defined Nuclei in the Reticular Formation Affecting Consciousness

6.9.2 Respiration Centers

6.9.3 Cardiovascular Centers

6.9.4 Deglutition

6.9.5 Vomiting

6.9.6 Emetic Center

6.9.7 Coughing

6.9.8 Taste

6.10 Localiozation of Dysfunction in the Cranial Nerves Associated with the Eye (Table 6.8)

6.11 Localization of Disease Processes in the Brain Stem

6.11.1 Exercise to Identify the Tracts and Nuclei in the Brain Stem (Figs. 6.10–6.14)

Bibliography

Chapter 7: The Cranial Nerves

7.1 How the Cranial Nerves Got Their Numbers

7.2 Functional Organization of Cranial Nerves

7.3 The Individual Cranial Nerves

7.3.1 Cranial Nerve I, Olfactory (Fig. 7.4), Special Sensory/Special Visceral Afferent

7.3.2 Cranial Nerve II, Optic (Fig. 7.5), Special Somatic Sensory

7.3.3 Cranial Nerve III, Oculomotor (Fig. 7.6), Pure Motor (Somatic and Parasympathetic, Only III)

7.3.4 Cranial Nerve IV, Trochlear (Fig. 7.6), Pure Motor

7.3.5 Cranial Nerve VI, Abducens (Fig. 7.6), Pure Motor

7.3.6 Cranial Nerve V, Trigeminal (Fig. 7.7), Mixed Nerve (Sensory and Motor but No Parasympathet

7.3.7 Cranial Nerve VII, Facial (Fig. 7.8), Mixed Nerve (Sensory, Motor, Parasympathetic)

7.3.8 Cranial Nerve VIII, Vestibulocochlear (Fig. 7.9), Pure Special Somatic Sensory

7.4 Auditory Pathway

7.4.1 Cranial Nerve IX, Glossopharyngeal (Fig. 7.13), Mixed (Sensory, Motor, Parasympathetic): Nerv

7.4.2 Cranial Nerve X, Vagus (Fig. 7.14), Mixed (Sensory, Motor, Parasympathetic), and Longest Cra

7.4.3 Cranial Nerve XI, Spinal Accessory (Fig. 7.15), Pure Motor: Somatic and Visceral

7.4.4 Cranial Nerve XII, Hypoglossal (Fig. 7.16): Pure Motor Nerve

7.5 Cranial Nerve Dysfunction

7.6 Cranial Nerve Case Histories

Bibliography

Chapter 8: Diencephalon

8.1 Overview

8.2 Functional Organization of Thalamic Nuclei (Table 8.1)

8.2.1 Sensory and Motor Relay Nuclei: The Ventrobasal Complex and Lateral Nucleus

8.2.2 Limbic Nuclei: The Anterior, Medial, Lateral Dorsal, Midline, and Intralaminar Nuclei (Fig.

8.2.3 Specific Associational: Polymodal/Somatic Nuclei, the Pulvinar Nuclei (Fig. 8.5)

8.2.4 Special Somatic Sensory Nuclei: Vision and Audition, the Lateral Geniculate and Medial Geni

8.2.5 Nonspecific Associational

8.3 White Matter of the Diencephalon

8.4 Relationship Between the Thalamus and the Cerebral Cortex (Figs. 8.7 and 8.8)

8.5 Subthalamus (Fig. 8.3)

8.6 Thalamic Atlas Figs. 8.10, 8.11, and 8.12

8.7 Level: Midbrain, Diencephalic Junction (Fig. 8.10)

8.8 Level: Midthalamus (Fig. 8.11)

8.9 Level: Anterior Tubercle of Thalamus (Fig. 8.12)

Bibliography

Chapter 9: Hypothalamus, Neuroendocrine System, and Autonomic Nervous System

9.1 Hypothalamus

9.1.1 Hypothalamic Nuclei

9.1.2 Afferent Pathways

9.1.3 Efferent Pathways (Fig. 9.6)

9.1.4 Functional Stability

9.2 Neuroendocrine System, the Hypothalamus, and Its Relation to the Hypophysis

9.2.1 Hypophysis Cerebri

9.2.2 Hypothalamic–Hypophyseal Portal System

9.2.3 Hypophysiotrophic Area

9.2.4 Hormones Produced by Hypothalamus

9.2.5 Hormones Produced in Adenohypophysis (Fig. 9.12)

9.2.6 Case 9.1

9.2.6.1 Clinical Diagnosis: Pituitary Adenoma

9.2.6.2 Comments

9.2.6.3 Clinical Diagnosis: Pituitary Adenoma–Cushing Syndrome

9.2.7 Hypothalamus and the Autonomic Nervous System (Fig. 9.12)

9.2.8 Functional Localization

9.2.9 Water Balance and Neurosecretion (Fig. 9.7)

9.2.10 Hypothalamus and Light Levels: Optic Nerve Terminations in the Hypothalamus

9.2.11 Hypothalamus and Emotions

9.2.12 Hypothalamus and Light Levels

9.3 Autonomic Nervous System (Fig. 9.13)

9.4 Parasympathetic System (Craniosacral) (Fig. 9.13)

9.4.1 Cranial Nerves: III, VII, IX, and X

9.4.2 Sacral Segments S2–S4

9.5 Sympathetic System (Fig. 9.13)

9.6 Enteric Nervous System (Fig. 9.14)

Bibliography

Chapter 10: Cerebral Cortex Functional Localization

10.1 Anatomical Considerations

10.1.1 Cerebral Cortical Gray Matter

10.1.2 Cytology

10.2 Basic Design and Functional Organization of Cerebral Cortex

10.3 Fundamental Types of Cerebral Cortex

10.4 The Schema of the Fundamental Six-Layered Neocortices (Refer to Fig. 10.4)

10.5 Organization of the Neocortex (Fig. 10.6a)

10.5.1 How the Brodmann Areas Got Their Numbers

10.6 Correlation of Neocortical Cytoarchitecture and Function

10.6.1 Frontal Lobe (Figs. 10.8 and 10.9 and Table 10.1)

10.6.2 Motor Areas

10.6.3 Parietal Lobe (Figs. 10.9 and 10.10)

10.6.4 Temporal Lobe (Figs. 10.6 and 10.8)

10.6.5 Occipital Lobe (Figs. 10.8 and 10.9 and Table 10.4)

10.7 Subcortical White Matter Afferents and Efferents

10.8 Afferent Inputs and Efferent Projections of the Neocortex

10.8.1 Non-thalamic Sources of Cortical Input

10.9 Methods for the Study of Functional Localization in the Cerebral Cortex

10.9.1 How Do We Study Function?

10.9.1.1 Stimulation

10.9.1.2 Evoked Potentials (Fig. 10.14)

10.9.1.3 Lesions

10.9.2 How Do We Confirm the Location of the Pathology?

10.9.3 Neurophysiology Correlates of Cortical Cytoarchitecture and the Basis of the Electroence

General Bibliography-Cerebral Cortical Organization

Callosal References

Part II: The Systems

Chapter 11: Motor System, Movement, and Motor Pathways

11.1 Cerebral Cortical Motor Functions

11.1.1 Reflex Activity

11.2 Concept of Central Pattern Generators

11.3 Postnatal Development of Motor Reflexes

11.4 Relationship of Primary Motor, Premotor, and Prefrontal Cortex

11.4.1 Functional Overview

11.4.2 Primary Motor Cortex: Area 4 (Figs. 11.3 and 11.5)

11.4.3 Areas 6, Premotor Cortex (Areas 6 and 8; Fig. 11.5)

11.4.4 Dysfunction in the Premotor and Supplementary Motor Cortex

11.4.4.1 Effects of Metastatic Lesion to Frontal Lobe

11.4.4.2 Road Traffic Injury to frontal lobe (RTA)

11.4.4.3 Concussions-A former boxer

11.4.5 Prefrontal Cortex (Areas 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 46, Fig. 11.5)

11.5 Disorders of Motor Development

11.6 Studies of Recovery of Motor Function in the Human

11.7 Cortical Control of Eye Movements-Frontal and Parietal Eye Fields

11.8 Major Voluntary Motor Pathways

11.8.1 Rubrospinal and Tectospinal Tracts (Fig 4.16; Table 4.2)

References

Motor System Movement, Motor Pathways General, Anatomy, Physiology and Functional Localization

Specific References Central Pattern Generators

Gait Disorders of the Elderly

Chapter 12: Motor System II: Basal Ganglia

12.1 Clinical Symptoms and Signs of Dysfunction

12.2 Specific Syndromes, Parkinson’s Disease, and the Parkinsonian Syndrome (Olanow and Tanner

12.3 Differential Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease

12.4 Chorea, Hemichorea, and Hemiballismus:

12.5 Hemichorea and Hemiballism

12.6 Other Movement Disorders Associated with Diseases of the Basal Ganglia

Bibliography

Specific References and Citations Parkinson Disease

Chapter 13: Motor Systems III: The Cerebellum Movement and Major Fiber Pathways of the Cerebellu

13.1 Anatomic Considerations

13.1.1 Subdivisions of the Cerebellum

13.1.2 Longitudinal Divisions

13.1.3 Transverse Divisions

13.2 Cytoarchitecture of the Cerebellum

13.3 Cerebellar Circuitry–Cerebellar Peduncles (Fig 13.4)

13.3.1 Afferents

13.3.2 Efferents

13.4 Topographic Patterns of Representation in Cerebellar Cortex

13.5 Functions of the Cerebellum and Correlations

13.5.1 Regional Functional Correlations

13.6 Effects of Disease on the Cerebellum

13.7 Major Cerebellar Syndromes

13.8 Syndrome of the Flocculonodular Lobe and Other Midline Cerebellar Tumors

13.9 Syndrome of the Anterior Lobe

13.10 Syndrome of the Lateral Cerebellar Hemispheres (Neocerebellar or Middle-Posterior Lobe Syndr

13.10.1 Syndromes of the Cerebellar Peduncles

13.11 Other Causes of Cerebellar Atrophy

13.12 Vascular Syndromes of the Cerebellum

13.13 Syndromes of Occlusion and Infarction

13.13.1 Neurological Examination

13.14 Cerebellar Degenerative Diseases

13.14.1 Gene Mechanisms

13.14.2 Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy (OPCA)

13.15 An Overview of Tremors

13.16 Major Fiber Pathways of the Cerebellum

13.16.1 Cerebellar Peduncles (Fig. 13.4)

13.16.2 Spinocerebellar Tracts (Fig. 13.11)

13.16.3 Cuneocerebellar Tract

Bibliography

Cerebellum Degenerations and Systemic Disorders

Vascular Syndromes of the Cerebellum

Cerebellum and Tremor

Gait Disorders of the Elderly

Chapter 14: Somatosensory Functions and the Parietal Lobe

14.1 Postcentral Gyrus: Somatic Sensory Cortex [Primary Sensory S-I]

14.1.1 Neurological Examination

14.2 Superior and Inferior Parietal Lobules

14.2.1 Dominant Hemisphere in the Parietal Lobules

14.2.1.1 Gerstmann’s Syndrome

14.2.2 Non-dominant Hemisphere in the Parietal Lobules

14.3 Parietal Lobe and Tactile Sensation from the Body

14.3.1 Tactile Sensation from the Body: Medial Lemniscus (Fig. 14.5)

14.3.2 Tactile Sensation from the Head: The Trigeminal Nerve (Fig. 14.6)

Bibliography

Chapter 15: Visual System and Occipital Lobe

15.1 Structure of the Eye

15.2 Photoreceptor Layer: Rods and Cones

15.2.1 Optic Nerve

15.2.2 Blind Spot

15.3 Visual Pathway (Figs. 15.4 and 15.5a–c)

15.3.1 Retina and Visual Fields

15.4 Occipital Lobe

15.4.1 Areas in the Occipital Lobe: 17, 18, and 19 (V1–V5)

15.4.2 Parallel Processing in the Visual Cortex

15.5 Perceptual Pathways: Color Vision

15.5.1 Effects of Stimulation of Areas 17, 18, and 19

15.6 Summary

15.6.1 Effects of Lesions in the Occipital Visual Areas

15.6.2 Occipital Lobe and eye Movements

15.7 Visual Field Deficits Produced by Lesions in the Optic Pathway

15.7.1 Case Histories: Examples with Lesions in the Visual System

15.7.1.1 Lesion prechiasmatic. Lesion in the optic nerve (see Fig. 15.8 #2) before the chiasm—resu

15.7.1.2 Lesion at the Optic Chiasm

15.7.2 Lesions in Occipital Cortex Result: Congruous Homonymous Hemianopsia

Bibliography

Chapter 16: The Limbic System, Temporal Lobe, and Prefrontal Cortex

16.1 Olfactory System

16.2 Limbic System

16.2.1 Subcortical Structures (Table 16.2)

16.2.2 Cortical Structures in the Limbic System

16.3 Principal Pathways of the Limbic System

16.4 Role of the Temporal Lobe in Learning and Memory

16.5 The Role of the Prefrontal Granular Areas and Emotions

16.6 Functional Neurosurgery

16.7 The Limbic Brain as a Functional System

Temporal Lobe References

Amygdala, Emotion, Autism, and Psychiatric Disorders. Specific References

Learning and Memory and the Temporal Lobe

Prefrontal Lobe General References

Chapter 17: Higher Cortical Functions

17.1 Cerebral Cortex and Disturbances of Verbal Expression

17.2 Cerebral Dominance

17.3 Aphasia: Dominant Hemispheric Functions

17.3.1 Nonfluent Aphasias

17.3.2 The Fluent Aphasias

17.4 Non-dominant Parietal Hemisphere Functions

17.5 Role of the Corpus Callosum in the Transfer of Information

General or Historical References

Part III: Neuropathology

Chapter 18: Cerebral Vascular Disease

18.1 Occlusive Cerebrovascular Disease

18.2 Clinical Correlates of Vascular Territories: Syndromes

18.3 Intracerebral Hemorrhage

18.4 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH)

18.5 Common Sites of Saccular Aneurysms (Fig. 18.7), Table 18.1

Chapter 19: Neuropathology, Nonvascular: Trauma, Neoplasms, and Communicable Diseases

19.1 Neuropathology Due to Trauma

19.1.1 Complications of Skull Fractures

19.1.2 Concussions

19.1.3 Contusions and Lacerations

19.1.4 Extradural Hematomas and Subdural Hematomas

19.1.5 Traumatic Brain Injury/TBI

19.1.6 Metastatic Lesions to the Brain

19.1.7 Meningioma: Tumors in the Coverings of the Brain

19.1.8 Glioma: Tumors Intrinsic to the Brain

19.1.9 Pituitary Tumor

19.2 Neuropathology Due to Communicable Diseases

Reference

Part IV: The Nonnervous Elements

Chapter 20: Non-nervous Elements in the CNS

20.1 Skull

20.2 Meninges: Coverings of the Brain

20.3 Blood Supply to the Brain

20.3.1 Arterial Blood Supply Figs. 20.6, 20.7, 20.8, 20.9, 20.10, and 20.11

20.4 Venous Drainage of the Brain, Head, and Neck (Fig. 20.13)

20.5 Ventricular System: Figs. 20.14 and 20.15

20.6 Cerebrospinal Fluid

20.7 The Glymphatic System and Drainage from the Brain

20.8 Glands Associated with the Brain

Reference

Chapter 21: Case History Problem Solving

Chapter 22: Movies on the Brain

22.1 Neuroanatomists, Anatomists, Neurosurgeons, and Neurologists

22.2 Developmental Disorders

22.3 Spinal Cord/Brain Stem Disorders

22.4 Disorders of Motor Systems and Motor Control

22.5 Cerebral Cortex

22.6 Limbic System

22.7 Cerebrovascular Disease

22.8 Brain Trauma

22.9 Brain Tumors and Increased Intracranial Pressure

22.10 Infections

22.11 Toxic and Metabolic Disorders

22.12 Disorders of Myelin

22.13 Seizures and Epilepsy

22.14 Coma

22.15 Memory

Part V: Atlas

Chapter 23: Descriptive Atlas

23.1 Gross Brain Sections: Coronal and Horizontal Sections

23.2 Gross Brain: Lateral Surface (Fig. 23.1)

23.3 Gross Brain: Medial Surface (Fig. 23.2)

23.4 Gross Brain Slices: Coronal (Figs. 23.3–23.9)

23.5 Gross Brain Slices Horizontal (Fig. 23.10)

Chapter 24: Myelin-Stained

24.1 Myelin-Stained Coronal Brain Sections (Figs. 24.1, 24.2, 24.3, 24.4, 24.5, 24.6, and 24.7)

24.2 Myelin-Stained Horizontal Sections (Figs. 24.8, 24.9, 24.10, and 24.11)

24.3 Myelin-Stained Sagittal Sections (Figs. 24.12 and 24.13)

 

An aparitie	2018
Autor	Jacobson
Dimensiuni	15.6 x 3.81 x 23.39 cm
Editura	Springer
Format	Hardcover
ISBN	9783319601854
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	710