Hematology in Practice

 Description:

Basic principles of hematology made memorable. Build a solid understanding of hematology in the context of practical laboratory practice and principles. Visual language, innovative case studies, role-playing troubleshooting cases, and laboratory protocols bring laboratory practice to life.  Superbly organized, this reader-friendly text breaks a complex subject into easy-to-follow, manageable sections. Begin with the basic principles of hematology; discover red and white blood cell disorders; journey through hemostasis and disorders of coagulation; and then explore the procedures needed in the laboratory.

• “Learning objectives at the beginning of each chapter
• Special "Troubleshooting: What do you do when...." sections to promote problem solving
• "Word Key" section that highlights and defines key medical terminology
• Case studies that illustrate the key principles of each concept in the chapters and encourage practical critical thinking
• End-of-chapter summaries and review questions

 

Updated

Current World Health Organization (WHO) categories are reflected in the chapters on acute leukemia and myeloproliferative disorders.

Thoroughly updated and peer-reviewed to ensure currency and completeness in explanations of theory.

 

New

'Student Alerts' highlight critical values that students must be able to recognize in the laboratory.

'Deeper Understanding' boxes provide additional theory on specific topics.

 

Expanded

Coverage of hematology automation and flow cell cytometry in a new Chapter 20, Hematology Automation and Flow Cell Cytometry.

Many new color slides more clearly show normal structures and pathologies.

 

Table of Contents:

 

Cover

Title Page

Copyright Page

Dedication

Preface

Contributors

Reviewers

Acknowledgments

Contents

List of Condensed Cases, Case Studies, and Troubleshootings Cases

Part I: Basic Hematology Principles

Chapter 1: Introduction to Hematology and Basic Laboratory Practice

Introduction to Hematology

The Microscope

Significant Parts of the Microscope

Care of the Microscope

Corrective Actions in Light Microscopy

Innovations in Microscopy

Standard Precautions

Personal Protective Equipment

Safety Practices Other Than Personal Protective Equipment

Chemical and Environmental Hazards

Basic Concepts of Quality Assurance Plans in the Hematology Laboratory

Quality Control Monitoring in the Hematology Laboratory

Reference Intervals

Delta Checks

Reflex Testing

Critical Values

Preanalytic Variables

Postanalytic Variables

Chapter 2: From Hematopoiesis to the Complete Blood Count

Hematopoiesis: The Origin of Cell Development

The Spleen as an Indicator Organ of Hematopoietic Health

Functions of the Spleen

Potential Risks of Splenectomy

Bone Marrow and Myeloid:Erythroid Ratio

Alterations in Myeloid:Erythroid Ratio

Role of Stem Cells and Cytokines

Erythropoietin

Bone Marrow Analysis

Bone Marrow Procedure

Bone Marrow Report

Complete Blood Count

Morphologic Classification of Anemias

Calculating Red Blood Cell Indices and Their Role in Indicating Sample Integrity

Value of Red Blood Cell Distribution Width

Critical Values

Clinical Approach to Anemias

Chapter 3: Red Blood Cell Production, Function, and Relevant Red Blood Cell Morphology

Basic Red Blood Cell Production

Red Blood Cell Maturation

Features of Red Blood Cell Development

Red Blood Cell Membrane Development and Function

Composition of Lipids in the Interior and Exterior Layers

Composition of Proteins in the Lipid Bilayers: Integral Proteins

Cytoskeleton: Peripheral Proteins

Red Blood Cell Metabolism

Abnormal Red Blood Cell Morphology

Variations in Red Blood Cell Size

Variations in Red Blood Cell Color

Variations in Red Blood Cell Shape

Red Blood Cell Inclusions

Value of the Reticulocyte Count

Chapter 4: Hemoglobin Function and Principles of Hemolysis

Hemoglobin Structure and Synthesis

Genetics and Chain Formation of Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin Function

Oxygen Dissociation Curve

Abnormal Hemoglobins

Hemolysis

Types and Physiology of Hemolysis

Laboratory Evidence of Hemolysis

Classifications Relevant to the Hemolytic Anemias

Part II: Red Blood Cell Disorders

Chapter 5: The Microcytic Anemias

Introduction

Iron Intake and Iron Absorption

Iron Storage and Recycled Iron

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Pathophysiology and Symptoms

Tests Used to Help Diagnose Iron Deficiency

Treatment for Iron Deficiency

Anemia of Chronic Disease and Inflammation: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Sideroblastic Anemias

Hereditary Hemochromatosis (Congenital Iron Overload)

Thalassemia Syndromes

Pathophysiology of Thalassemias

Alpha Thalassemia

Beta Thalassemia Major: Cooley’s Anemia, Mediterranean Anemia

Thalassemia Intermedia and Beta Thalassemia Trait

Chapter 6: The Macrocytic Anemias

Macrocytic Anemias and the Megaloblastic Process

Red Blood Cell Precursors in Megaloblastic Anemia

Ineffective Erythropoiesis in Megaloblastic Anemia

Pernicious Anemia as a Subset of Megaloblastic Anemias

Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid: Nutritional Requirements and Metabolism

Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid Deficiency

Vitamin B12 Transport Into the Bone Marrow

Clinical Features of Patients With Megaloblastic Anemia

Hematologic Features of Megaloblastic Anemias

Laboratory Diagnosis of Megaloblastic Anemias

Serum Vitamin B12 Levels and Folic Acid Levels

Serum Methylmalonic Acid and Homocysteine

Intrinsic Factor and Parietal Cell Antibodies

Treatment and Response of Patients With Megaloblastic Anemia

Macrocytic Anemias That Are Not Megaloblastic

Chapter 7: Normochromic Anemias: Biochemical, Membrane, and Miscellaneous Red Blood Cell Disorders

Role of the Spleen in Red Blood Cell Membrane Disorders

Hereditary Spherocytosis

Genetics and Pathophysiology of Hereditary Spherocytosis

Clinical Presentation in Hereditary Spherocytosis

Laboratory Diagnosis of Hereditary Spherocytosis

Treatment and Management of Hereditary Spherocytosis

Hereditary Elliptocytosis

Common Hereditary Elliptocytosis

Southeast Asian Ovalocytosis

Spherocytic Hereditary Elliptocytosis

Hereditary Pyropoikilocytosis

Hereditary Stomatocytosis and Hereditary Xerocytosis

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency

Genetics of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency

Clinical Manifestations of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency

Acute Hemolytic Anemia

Diagnosis of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency

Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency

Miscellaneous Red Blood Cell Disorders

Aplastic Anemia

Fanconi’s Anemia

Diamond-Blackfan Anemia

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria

Cold Agglutinin Syndrome

Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria

Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemias

Acquired Anemias of Variable External Causes

Chapter 8: The Normochromic Anemias Caused by Hemoglobinopathies

General Description of Hemoglobinopathies

Sickle Cell Anemia

Genetics and Incidence of Sickle Cell Anemia

Pathophysiology of Sickling Process

Clinical Considerations for Sickle Cell Anemia

Laboratory Diagnosis

Sickle Cell Trait

Hemoglobin C Disease and Trait and Hemoglobin SC

Variant Hemoglobins

Hemoglobin S–Beta Thalassemia

Hemoglobin E

Hemoglobin DPunjab and Hemoglobin GPhila

Hemoglobin OArab

Part III: White Blood Cell Disorders

Chapter 9: Leukopoiesis, WBC Differential, and Lymphocyte Function

Leukopoiesis

Stages of Leukocyte Maturation

Features of Cell Identification

Lymphocyte Origin and Function

Lymphocyte Populations

Travel Path of Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes and Development of Immunocompetence

Response of Lymphocytes to Antigenic Stimulation

Lymphocyte Cell Markers and Cluster of Differentiation

Leukocyte Count From Complete Blood Cell Count to Differential

Manual Differential Versus Differential Scan

Relative Versus Absolute Values

Chapter 10: Abnormalities of White Blood Cells: Quantitative, Qualitative, and the Lipid Storage Diseases

Introduction to White Blood Cell Disorders

Quantitative Changes in White Blood Cells

Specific Terminology Relating to Quantitative White Blood Cell Changes

Stages of White Blood Cell Phagocytosis

Qualitative Defects of White Blood Cells

Toxic Changes in White Blood Cells

Human Ehrlichiosis

Nuclear Abnormalities: Hypersegmentation

Hereditary White Blood Cell Disorders

May-Hegglin Anomaly

Alder’s Anomaly

Pelger-Huët Anomaly

Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome

Reactive Lymphocytosis in Common Disease States

Other Viral Sources of Reactive Lymphocytosis

Effect of HIV/AIDS on Hematology Parameters

Lipid Storage Diseases

Common Features of a Few Lipid Storage Diseases

Bone Marrow Cells in Lipid Storage Disorders

Bacteria and Other Unexpected White Blood Cell Changes

Chapter 11: Acute Leukemias

Definition of Leukemia

Comparing Acute and Chronic Leukemia

Leukemia History

Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Epidemiology

Clinical Features

Laboratory Features

Classification

Acute Leukemias of Ambiguous Lineage

Important Acute Myeloid Leukemia Prognostic Factors

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Epidemiology

Clinical Features

Classifications

Prognosis in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Chapter 12: Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

Introduction to Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

World Health Organization Classifications

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia BCR-ABL1+

Pathophysiology

Clinical Features and Symptoms

Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prognosis

Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia

Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia Not Otherwise Specified

Polycythemia Vera

Pathophysiology

Clinical Features and Symptoms

Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow Findings

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prognosis

Primary Myelofibrosis

Pathophysiology

Clinical Features and Symptoms

Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow Findings

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prognosis

Essential Thrombocythemia

Pathophysiology

Clinical Features and Symptoms

Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow Findings

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prognosis

Mastocytosis

Chapter 13: Lymphoproliferative Disorders and Related Plasma Cell Disorders

Lymphoid Malignancies

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Prolymphocytic Leukemia

Hairy Cell Leukemia

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Sézary Syndrome

Plasma Cell Disorders

Plasma Cell Structure and Function

Multiple Myeloma

Waldenström’s Macroglobulinemia

Chapter 14: The Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Introduction to Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Pathophysiology

Chromosomal Abnormalities

Common Features and Clinical Symptoms

How to Recognize Dysplasia

Classification of Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Specific Features of 2016 World Health Organization Classification

Prognostic Factors and Clinical Management

Part IV: Hemostasis and Disorders of Coagulation

Chapter 15: Overview of Hemostasis and Platelet Physiology

Normal Hemostasis: Overview

Vascular System

Vasoconstriction

Contribution of Endothelial Cells

Evaluation of Endothelial Cells

Platelets and Primary Hemostasis

Platelet Structure and Physiology

Platelet Function in Primary Hemostasis

Platelet Properties

Evaluation of Platelets

Hemostatic Proteins and Secondary Hemostasis

Coagulation Factors (Coagulation Cascade)

Regulatory Inhibitors

Hemostatic Protein Groups

Fibrinolytic System

Screening Tests for Evaluation of Bleeding Disorders

Chapter 16: Quantitative and Qualitative Platelet Disorders

Quantitative Disorders of Platelets

Thrombocytopenia Related to Sample Integrity and Preanalytic Variables

Thrombocytopenia Related to Decreased Production

Thrombocytopenia Related to Altered Distribution of Platelets

Thrombocytopenia Related to Immune Effect of Specific Drugs or Antibody Formation

Thrombocytopenia Related to Consumption of Platelets

Thrombocytosis

Inherited Qualitative Disorders of Platelets

Disorders of Adhesion

Platelet Release Defects

Acquired Defects of Platelet Function

Vascular Disorders Leading to Platelet Dysfunction

Chapter 17: Defects of Plasma Clotting Factors

Plasma Clotting Factors and Hemophilias

Evaluation of a Bleeding Disorder

Treatment of Hemophilia A Patients

Quality-of-Life Issues for Hemophilia A Patients

Factor VIII Inhibitors

Hemophilia B (Christmas Disease)

Congenital Factor Deficiencies

Congenital Factor Deficiencies With Bleeding Manifestations

Congenital Factor Deficiencies in Which Bleeding Is Mild or Absent

Factor XIII Deficiency

Bleeding Secondary to a Chronic Disease Process

Role of Vitamin K in Hemostasis

Vitamin K Deficiency and Subsequent Treatment

Chapter 18: Fibrinogen, Thrombin, and the Fibrinolytic System

Overview of Fibrinogen in Clot Formation and Lysis

Disorders of Fibrinogen

Afibrinogenemia

Hypofibrinogenemia

Dysfibrinogenemia

Multiple Roles of Thrombin in Hemostasis

Fibrinolysis

Clot Dissolution

Naturally Occurring Inhibitors of Fibrinolysis

Measurable Products of the Fibrinolytic System

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Mechanism of Acute Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Primary Fibrinolysis

Clinical Symptoms and Laboratory Results in Acute Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Treatment of Acute Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Chapter 19: Introduction to Thrombosis and Anticoagulant Therapy

Thrombophilia and Thrombosis—an Overview

Physiologic and Pathologic Thrombosis

Pathophysiology of Thrombosis

Laboratory Diagnosis of Thrombotic Disorders

Inherited Thrombotic Disorders

Acquired Thrombotic Disorders

The Laboratory’s Role in Diagnosing Thrombophilia

Anticoagulant Therapy

Antiplatelet Drugs

Anticoagulant Drugs

Alternative Anticoagulant Drugs

Thrombolytic Drugs

Part V: Hematology Automation, Flow Cell Cytometry, and Laboratory Procedures

Chapter 20: Hematology Automation and Flow Cell Cytometry

Hematology Automation

Electrical Impedance

Histograms

Radiofrequency

Opacity

Scatterplot

Optical Scatter

VCS Technology

Hydrodynamic Focusing

Flow Cytometry

Optical Platelet Counting and Flow Cytometry

Instruments

Data Reporting

Beckman-Coulter Instrumentation

Sysmex Instrumentation

CellaVision Automated Digital Cell Morphology

Abbott CELL-DYN Instrumentation

Siemens Healthcare Advia Instrumentation

Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis on the Advia 120/2120

Quality Assurance and Quality Control

Coagulation Automation and Instruments

Coagulation Automation

Coagulation Instruments

Flow Cytometry Instrumentation

Principles of Operation

Fluidics

Optics

Electronics

Analysis

Quality Control

Applications of Flow Cytometry

Chapter 21: Basic Procedures in a Hematology Laboratory

Microhematocrit

Modified Westergren Sedimentation Rate

Manual Reticulocyte Procedure

Peripheral Smear Procedure

Performing a Manual Differential and Assessing Red Blood Cell Morphology

Leukochek White Blood Cell and Platelet Manual Count

Sickle Cell Screening Procedure

Cerebrospinal Fluid and Body Fluid Cell Count and Differential

Body Fluid Analysis on the Sysmex XE-5000

Prothrombin Time and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time: Automated Procedure

Quantitative D-Dimer—Innovance on Sysmex CA7000

Appendix A: Answers to Review Questions

Appendix B: List of Abbreviations

 

An aparitie	30 Jan 2019
Autor	Betty Ciesla
Dimensiuni	21.6 x 1.9 x 27.9 cm
Editura	F.A. Davis
Format	Hardcover
ISBN	9780803668249
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	360