Biopsy Interpretation of the Prostate

• Focuses on practical, need-to-know information regarding the diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer obtained on biopsy, addressing both common and unusual issues that arise in day-to-day practice.
• Provides new information on noninvasive lesions (HGPIN and intraductal carcinoma), clinical correlates with biopsy, and practical molecular findings.
• Shows how to critically use adjunctive tests to both diagnose limited prostate cancer and avoid overdiagnosing mimickers of prostate cancer.
• Emphasizes the newest updates in prostate cancer grading so that you can provide the most accurate prognostication in your biopsy reports.
• Features 1800 images online, as well as a 50-question test bank for self-assessment and review.

·  1 Clinical Correlates with Biopsy: Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen, Digital Rectal Examination, and Imaging Techniques

·  DIGITAL RECTAL EXAMINATION

·  IMAGING TECHNIQUES

·  PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN

·  Total Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen

·  Prostate-Specific Antigen Density

·  Age-Specific Prostate-Specific Antigen Reference Ranges

·  Prostate-Specific Antigen Velocity (Rate of Change of Prostate-Specific Antigen)

·  Molecular Forms of Prostate-Specific Antigen

·  Other Prostate Serum and Urine Markers

·  Prostate-Specific Antigen Factored into TNM Staging

·  Prostate-Specific Antigen Relation to Post-therapy Follow-up Biopsies

·  2 Needle Biopsy Technique, Tissue Sampling, and Processing of Needle Biopsy and Transurethral Resection Specimens

·  NEEDLE BIOPSY TECHNIQUE

·  NEEDLE BIOPSY PROCESSING—FIXATIVE

·  NEEDLE BIOPSY PROCESSING—NUMBER OF LEVELS

·  NEEDLE BIOPSY PROCESSING—INTERVENING UNSTAINED SLIDES

·  NEEDLE BIOPSY PROCESSING—NUMBER OF TISSUE CORES PER BLOCK/SLIDE

·  NEEDLE BIOPSY—INKING THE PERIPHERAL END OF THE CORE

·  SAMPLING OF TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION SPECIMENS

·  3 Gross Anatomy and Normal Histology

·  GROSS ANATOMY

·  HISTOLOGY

·  BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY

·  4 Inflammatory Conditions

·  ACUTE AND CHRONIC PROSTATIC INFLAMMATION

·  MALAKOPLAKIA

·  SARCOIDOSIS

·  GRANULOMATOUS PROSTATITIS

·  MYCOTIC PROSTATITIS

·  MYCOBACTERIAL PROSTATITIS

·  NONSPECIFIC GRANULOMATOUS PROSTATITIS

·  POSTBIOPSY GRANULOMAS

·  SYSTEMIC GRANULOMATOUS PROSTATITIS

·  MISCELLANEOUS INFECTIONS

·  5 Noninvasive Lesions in the Prostate: Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Intraductal Carcinoma of the Prostate

·  PROSTATIC INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA

·  Evidence Linking Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia to Cancer

·  Mimickers of Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia

·  Low-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia: Risk of Cancer on Rebiopsy

·  High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia: Incidence on Biopsy

·  High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia on Biopsy: Overall Risk of Cancer

·  High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia on Biopsy: Risk of Cancer Stratified by Clinical Predictors

·  High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia on Biopsy: Risk of Cancer Stratified by Pathologic Predictors

·  High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia on Biopsy: Repeat Biopsy Strategy and Technique

·  High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia: Significance on Transurethral Resection of the Prostate Material

·  High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia on Biopsy: Findings at Subsequent Radical Prostatectomy

·  INTRADUCTAL CARCINOMA OF THE PROSTATE

·  Incidence of Intraductal Carcinoma of the Prostate

·  Differential Diagnosis of Intraductal Carcinoma of the Prostate

·  Significance of Intraductal Carcinoma of the Prostate on Biopsy

·  6 Diagnosis of Limited Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate

·  DIAGNOSIS ON NEEDLE BIOPSY

·  General Principles in Diagnosing Prostate Cancer

·  ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER

·  NUCLEAR FEATURES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER

·  CYTOPLASMIC FEATURES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER

·  INTRALUMINAL CONTENTS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER

·  STROMAL CHANGES

·  HISTOLOGIC FEATURES SPECIFIC FOR PROSTATE CANCER

·  IDENTIFICATION OF BASAL CELLS ON H&E-STAINED SECTIONS

·  DIAGNOSIS OF LIMITED HIGH-GRADE CARCINOMA

·  CARCINOMAS MIMICKING BENIGN GLANDS

·  DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER ON TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION

·  USE OF IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL ADJUNCTIVE TESTS FOR DIAGNOSIS OF CARCINOMA

·  7 Mimickers of Prostate Adenocarcinoma

·  MIMICKERS OF GLEASON PATTERN 3 ADENOCARCINOMA

·  Adenosis

·  Diffuse Adenosis of the Peripheral Zone

·  Atrophy

·  Basal Cell Hyperplasia

·  Colonic Mucosa

·  Cowper Glands

·  Mesonephric Hyperplasia

·  Nephrogenic Adenoma

·  Radiation Atypia

·  Seminal Vesicles

·  Verumontanum Mucosal Gland Hyperplasia

·  MIMICKERS OF GLEASON PATTERNS 4 AND 5 ADENOCARCINOMA

·  Clear Cell Cribriform Hyperplasia

·  Nonspecific Granulomatous Prostatitis

·  Paraganglia

·  Sclerosing Adenosis

·  Signet Ring Lymphocytes

·  Xanthoma

·  8 Reporting Cancer: Influence on Prognosis and Treatment

·  NEEDLE BIOPSY

·  Use of Macros (Canned Text)

·  Quantification of Amount of Cancer on Needle Biopsy

·  LOCATION OF POSITIVE BIOPSY CORES

·  PERINEURAL INVASION

·  LYMPHOVASCULAR INVASION

·  USE OF NOMOGRAMS

·  DIRECT STAGING ON NEEDLE BIOPSY

·  TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION

·  Subclassification

·  9 Grading of Prostatic Adenocarcinomas

·  HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

·  INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF UROLOGICAL PATHOLOGY MODIFICATIONS TO GLEASON GRADING

·  2005 International Society of Urological Pathology Consensus Conference

·  2014 International Society of Urological Pathology Consensus Conference

·  GENERAL APPLICATIONS OF THE GLEASON GRADING SYSTEM

·  GLEASON PATTERNS

·  Historical Gleason Patterns 1 and 2

·  Gleason Pattern 3

·  Gleason Pattern 4

·  Gleason Pattern 5

·  GRADING VARIANTS OF PROSTATE CARCINOMA

·  Adenocarcinoma with Vacuoles

·  Foamy Gland Carcinoma

·  Pseudohyperplastic Adenocarcinoma

·  REPORTING GLEASON GRADE ON BIOPSY

·  Different Cores with Different Grades

·  Tertiary Gleason Patterns

·  Reporting Secondary Patterns of Higher Grade When Present to a Limited Extent

·  Reporting Secondary Patterns of Lower Grade When Present to a Limited Extent

·  Reporting Percentage Pattern 4 on Needle Biopsies

·  CORRELATION NEEDLE BIOPSY AND RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY GRADE

·  Explanations for Grading Discrepancies

·  Factors Associated with Increased Upgrading and Downgrading from Biopsy to Prostatectomy

·  INTEROBSERVER REPRODUCIBILITY

·  GLEASON GRADE GROUPING

·  CHANGE OF GRADE OVER TIME

·  USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR GRADING

·  10 Findings of Atypical Glands Suspicious for Cancer

·  INCIDENCE OF ATYPICAL DIAGNOSIS ON NEEDLE BIOPSY

·  INTEROBSERVER REPRODUCIBILITY

·  PROSTATE CANCER RISK FOLLOWING A DIAGNOSIS OF ATYPIA

·  RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY AFTER CANCER DIAGNOSED POSTATYPICAL BIOPSY

·  REBIOPSY TECHNIQUES FOLLOWING A DIAGNOSIS OF ATYPIA

·  HISTOLOGY–ATYPICAL SMALL GLANDS

·  11 Prostatic Duct Adenocarcinoma

·  12 Neuroendocrine Differentiation in the Benign and Malignant Prostate

·  NEUROENDOCRINE CELLS IN NORMAL PROSTATE HISTOLOGY

·  NEUROENDOCRINE CELLS AND DIFFERENTIATION IN PROSTATE CANCER

·  USUAL PROSTATE ADENOCARCINOMA WITH NEUROENDOCRINE DIFFERENTIATION

·  ADENOCARCINOMA WITH PANETH CELL-LIKE NEUROENDOCRINE DIFFERENTIATION

·  CARCINOID TUMOR

·  SMALL CELL CARCINOMA

·  LARGE CELL NEUROENDOCRINE CARCINOMA

·  MIXED NEUROENDOCRINE CARCINOMA–ACINAR ADENOCARCINOMA

·  PROSTATE CARCINOMA WITH OVERLAPPING FEATURES OF SMALL CELL AND ACINAR ADENOCARCINOMA

·  CASTRATE-RESISTANT PROSTATE CANCER WITH SMALL CELL CARCINOMA–LIKE CLINICAL PRESENTATION

·  13 Mucinous Differentiation in the Benign and Malignant Prostate

·  MUCINOUS ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE PROSTATE

·  PROSTATIC URETHRAL ADENOCARCINOMA

·  14 Benign and Malignant Prostate following Treatment

·  ANTIANDROGEN THERAPY

·  RADIATION

·  POSTRADICAL PROSTATECTOMY BIOPSIES

·  EMERGING FOCAL/ABLATIVE THERAPIES

·  Cryotherapy

·  High-Intensity Frequency Ultrasound

·  Vascular-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy

·  HYPERTHERMIA

·  PHYTOTHERAPY

·  POST-TEFLON INJECTION GRANULOMAS

·  POSTNEEDLE BIOPSY CHANGES

·  15 Urothelial Carcinoma

·  DISTINCTION OF HIGH-GRADE PROSTATIC ADENOCARCINOMA FROM UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA

·  PROSTATIC INTRADUCTAL UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA WITH OR WITHOUT PROSTATIC STROMAL INVASION

·  UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA SEEN ON NEEDLE BIOPSY

·  PRIMARY UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA

·  16 Mesenchymal Tumors and Tumor-like Conditions

·  STROMAL TUMORS OF UNCERTAIN MALIGNANT POTENTIAL AND STROMAL SARCOMAS

·  LEIOMYOMA/LEIOMYOSARCOMA

·  INFLAMMATORY MYOFIBROBLASTIC TUMOR

·  SOLITARY FIBROUS TUMOR

·  GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMOR

·  RHABDOMYOSARCOMA

·  MISCELLANEOUS

·  17 Miscellaneous Benign and Malignant Lesions

·  BENIGN LESIONS

·  Prostatic Cysts

·  Multilocular Cysts of the Prostate (Multilocular Prostatic Cystadenoma)

·  Melanotic Lesions

·  Amyloid

·  Calculi and Calcification

·  Infarcts

·  Miscellaneous

·  MALIGNANT LESIONS

·  Basal Cell Carcinomas

·  Carcinomas with Squamous Differentiation

·  Sarcomatoid Carcinoma

·  Hematopoietic Tumors

·  Miscellaneous Primary Tumors

·  Involvement of the Prostate by Secondary Tumors

·  18 Prostatic Urethral Lesions

·  PROSTATIC URETHRAL POLYPS

·  MISCELLANEOUS URETHRAL POLYPS

·  NEPHROGENIC ADENOMAS

·  INVERTED PAPILLOMA OF THE PROSTATIC URETHRA

·  MISCELLANEOUS

·  19 Tissue-based Biomarkers Using Needle Biopsy Material

·  COMMERCIAL GENOMIC ASSAYS

·  PTEN LOSS

·  Germ Line Testing for DNA Damage Repair Genes

·  HOXB13

·  MOLECULAR SPECIMEN IDENTITY TESTING