MEG - EEG Primer

 

Description:

MEG-EEG Primer presents the basic A-to-Z of two non-invasive human electrophysiological methods, magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG). These methods are used to study human brain dynamics, tracking the brain's responses to sensory, cognitive, and social stimuli. This book, now in its second edition, remains the only volume of its kind that discusses both MEG and EEG side-by-side, for an integrated understanding of brain function. In 22 chapters with almost two hundred color figures, the book covers the basic physical and physiological foundations of these two methods, the historical background and development of their implementation, instrumentation, recording techniques, data analysis, and interpretation.The new edition includes expanded text on MEG and EEG sensor types and amplifiers, artifacts, new analysis tools, open data repositories, and novel instrumentation. Due to new concerns from the COVID-19 pandemic, general infection control in MEG/EEG laboratories is also discussed. Interoception is introduced as an interesting emerging research field. Moreover, future developments in MEG and EEG are examined with respect to new and evolving technologies, and new applications for their use. Overall, MEG-EEG Primer puts into perspective the role of MEG and EEG in neuroscience research at large, and the future of our understanding of the dynamics of human brain function.

 

Table of Contents:

 

SECTION 1

1. Introduction

MEG and EEG Setups

Comparison of MEG and EEG

Structure of This Primer

References

2. Insights into the Human Brain

Overview of the Human Brain

How to Obtain Information about Brain Function

Timing in Human Behavior

Functional Structure of the Human Cerebral Cortex

Cerebellum

Communication Between Brain Areas

Thalamocortical Connections

Intrabrain Connectivity

Electric Signaling in Neurons

Membrane Potentials

Action Potentials

Postsynaptic Potentials

References

3. Basic Physics and Physiology of MEG and EEG

An Overview of MEG and EEG Signal Generation

Charges and Electric Current

Ohm’s and Kirchoff’s Laws

Relationship Between Current and Magnetic Field

Superconductivity

Inverse Problem

Source Currents

Primary Current

Layers, Open Fields, and Closed Fields

Intracortical Cancellation

Volume Conduction

Spherical Head Model

Some General Points about Source Localization

References

4. An Overview of EEG and MEG

Historical Aspects

Early EEG Recordings

Early MEG Recordings

Types of EEG and MEG Signals

Brain Rhythms

Evoked and Event-​Related Responses

Advantages and Disadvantages of MEG and EEG

Advantages

Disadvantages

References

SECTION 2

5. Instrumentation for EEG and MEG

EEG Instrumentation

Electrodes

General

Wet Electrodes

Dry Electrodes

Hybrid or “Semi-​Dry” Electrode Configurations

Special Electrodes

Electrodes for Invasive Recordings

Electrodes for Portable Devices and Brain–​Computer Interfaces

ExG Electrodes

Electrodes for Ultra-​Slow EEG Signals

EEG Amplifiers

General

Differential Amplifiers and Common-​Mode Rejection

Effect of Amplifier Input Impedance on CMRR

Maximizing CMRR: Grounding and Special Feedback Circuits

DC-​Coupled EEG Amplifiers

EEG Amplifiers for Simultaneous Use With Other Neuroimaging Techniques

Standard Electrode Positions

Reference Electrode Configurations

General

Effect of Reference Electrode Site on the Measured Potential Distribution

Re-​Referencing Relative to an Average Reference

MEG Instrumentation

SQUIDs and SQUID Electronics

Flux Transformers and Their Configuration

Toward On-​Scalp MEG

High-​Tc SQUIDs

Optically Pumped Magnetometers

Shielding

Other Ways to Maintain a Noise-​Free Environment

References

6. Devices for Sensory Stimulation and Behavioral Monitoring

Stimulators

Auditory Stimulators

Visual Stimulators

Somatosensory Stimulators

Stimulators for Inducing Acute Pain

Passive-​Movement Stimulators

Olfactory and Gustatory Stimulators

Olfaction

Gustation

Devices for Behavioral Monitoring

Phantoms for MEG/​EEG Source Analysis and Artifact Removal

References

7. Practicalities of Data Collection

General Principles of Good Experimentation

Replicability Checks

EEG Recordings: The Practice

Skin Preparation for Electrode-​Impedance Measurement

General

Skin Preparation for Electrode Application

Electrode-​Impedance Measurement

MEG Recordings: The Practice

Measurement of MEG Sensor and EEG Electrode Positions

Infection Control in EEG and MEG Recordings

General

COVID-​19-​Related Issues

Electrical Safety

References

8. Data Acquisition, Preprocessing, and Sharing

Filtering

Data Sampling Rate

Simulation of EEG and MEG Data

Standardization of Data Formats and Analysis Pipelines for Data Sharing

Brain Imaging Data Standard, BIDS

A Bird’s-​Eye View of a Standardized Data Set Structure

References

9. Artifacts

Introduction

Some Common Artifact-​Removal Methods

Blind Source Separation

Signal-​Space Projection and Separation Methods

Eye-​Related Artifacts

Eye Movements and Eye Blinks

Saccades and Microsaccades

Removal of Eye-​Related Artifacts

Muscle Artifacts

Generation and Recognition

Removal of Myogenic Artifacts

Cardiac Artifacts

Generation and Recognition

Removal of Cardiac Artifacts

Respiration-​Related Artifacts

Generation and Recognition

Removal of Respiration Artifacts

Sweating

Generation and Recognition

Removal of Sweating Artifacts

Nonphysiological Artifacts

Power-​Line Noise and Its Removal

Response-​Box Artifacts

Artifacts Related to EEG Electrodes and MEG Sensors

EEG Artifacts Caused by fMRI Scanning and Noninvasive Brain Stimulation

How to Ensure the Signals Come From the Brain

References

10. Analyzing the Data

Introduction

Data Inspection and Preprocessing

Analysis of Averaged Data

Evoked Versus Induced Activity

Signal-​to-​Noise Considerations

Segmentation

Amplitude and Latency Measures

Topographic Maps

Analysis of Unaveraged Data

Brain Microstates

MEG/​EEG Signal Level and Power

Event-​Related Desynchronization/​Synchronization and Temporal Spectral Evolution

Time–​Frequency Analyses

Phase Resetting and Models of Evoked Activity

Cross-​Frequency Coupling

Measures of Association and Connectivity

Functional Connectivity

Correlation and Coherence

Phase-​Locking Factor, Phase-​Locking Value, and Phase-​Lag Index

Mutual Information

Transfer Entropy

Cross-​Correlation

Granger Causality

Functional Connectivity: Quo Vadis?

Effective Connectivity

Dynamic Causal Modeling

Graph-​Theoretical Analysis

On the Practicalities of Connectivity Analyses

Source Modeling

Forward and Inverse Problems in MEG and EEG

Head Models

Single-​Dipole Model

Goodness of Fit and Confidence Limits of the Model

Spatial Resolution

Source Extent

Effect of Synchrony

Multidipole Models, Distributed Models, and Beamformers

Hypothesis Testing With Predetermined Source Locations

Statistical Considerations

Group Effects

Whole-​Head Analysis of Evoked Responses

MEG Signal Detectability and Statistical Power in Group Studies

Effect of Source Current Orientation and Location

Sensor Sensitivity, Number of Trials, Group Size, Effect Size, and Statistical Power

Common Pitfalls in Data Analysis and Interpretation

References

SECTION 3

11. Brain Rhythms

Introduction

Alpha Rhythm of the Posterior Cortex

Mu Rhythm of the Sensorimotor Cortex

Tau Rhythm of the Auditory Cortex

Beta Rhythms

Theta Rhythms

Gamma Rhythms

Delta-​Band Activity and Ultra-​Slow Oscillations

Coupling Between Different Brain Rhythms

Changes in Brain Rhythms During Sleep

Effects of Anesthetics and Other Drugs on EEG/​MEG

References

12. Evoked and Event-​Related Responses

Introduction

An Initial Example

Nomenclature of Evoked Responses and Brain Rhythms

Effects of Interstimulus Interval and Stimulus Timing

Effects of Other Stimulus Parameters

References

13. Auditory Responses

Aspects of Auditory Stimulation

Hearing Threshold

Stimulus Type, Duration, Envelope, and Other Characteristics

Auditory Brainstem Responses

Middle-​Latency Auditory-​Evoked Responses

Long-​Latency Auditory-​Evoked Responses

Auditory Steady-​State Responses

Frequency Tagging

References

14. Visual Responses

Introduction

Visual Stimuli

Visual Acuity

Distance and Visual Angle of the Stimulus

Foveal, Parafoveal, and Extrafoveal Stimulation

Luminance and Contrast

Spatial Frequency

Electroretinogram and Magnetoretinogram

Visual Evoked Potentials and Fields

Multifocal Visual Evoked Responses

Assessing the Ventral Visual Stream

Assessing the Dorsal Visual Stream

Visual Steady-​State Responses

Decoding of Visual Categories

References

15. Somatosensory Responses

Compound Action Potentials and Fields of Peripheral Nerves

Responses from the SI Cortex

Responses from the Posterior Parietal Cortex

Responses from the SII Cortex

Somatosensory Steady-​State Responses

High-​Frequency Oscillations in the SI Cortex

Pain and Nociceptive Responses

References

16. Other Sensory Responses, Multisensory Interaction, and Interoception

Olfactory and Gustatory Responses

Olfactory Responses

Gustatory Responses

Multisensory Interaction

Overview

Audiotactile Interaction

An MEG Case Study

Multisensory Integration During Human Communication

Other Types of Multisensory Evoked Responses

Models of Multisensory Interaction

Interoception

Overview

Visceral Responses

Evoked Responses to Distension of Esophagus, Urethra, and Rectum

Spontaneous Contractions of the Stomach and Upper Gut

Contractions of the Uterus

The Brain–​Heart Axis: Evoked Activity to One’s Own Heartbeat

Evoked Activity to One’s Own Respiration

References

17. Motor Function

Movement-​Related Readiness Potentials and Fields

Coherence Between Brain Activity and Movements/​Muscles

Overview

Cortex–​Muscle Coherence

Corticokinematic Coherence

Corticovocal Coherence

More Complex Motor Actions

References

18. Brain Signals Related to Change Detection

Introduction

Contingent Negative Variation

Mismatch Negativity and Mismatch Field

P300 Responses

N400 Responses

Error-​Related Negativity

References

19. The Social Brain

Theoretical Framework

Responses to Emotions Depicted by Faces and Bodies

Action Viewing and Mirroring

Hyperscanning

Verbal Communication

References

20. Brain Disorders

Introduction

Epilepsy

Preoperative Mapping

Functional Identification of the Central Sulcus

Anatomical Identification of the Central Sulcus

Hemispheric Dominance for Speech and Language

Stroke

Critically Ill Patients

Coma

Brain Death

Why Have the Clinical Applications for MEG Developed So Slowly?

References

21. MEG/​EEG Combined with Other Brain Imaging Methods

Combining MEG and EEG

Combining MEG/​EEG with MRI/​fMRI

EEG During Noninvasive Brain Stimulation

Hybrid MEG–​MRI

Multiple Methods and the “New Normal”

References

22. Stepping Back and Looking Forward: Toward Understanding the Human Brain

Further Developments of Instrumentation

Working with “Big Data”

Mining Knowledge From Large Data Sets

Biomarkers

New Targets in MEG/​EEG Research

Deep Sources

Inhibition

More Focus on Developmental and Life-​Span Studies

High-​Resolution Assessment of Behavior

Toward Understanding the Human Brain

From Micro-​ to Macrolevel and Back

Living Matter Is Special

The Brain as a Nonlinear Timing System

Toward Convergence Research

Looking Forward

References

Index

 

An aparitie	31 oct 2023
Autor	Riitta Hari, Aina Puce
Dimensiuni	180 x 254 x 22 mm
Editura	Oxford University Press
Format	Paperback
ISBN	9780197542187
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	480