Eye Pathology: An Atlas and Text

 

Description:

Master the eye pathology you need to know for the OKAP exam, residency, and beyond!   Here's a perfect introduction to basic eye pathology that can easily be read and mastered during an ophthalmic pathology rotation. It provides effective, efficient preparation for OKAP examinations or Board certification in ophthalmology, and will also serve as a concise clinical reference in practice. Richly illustrated and masterfully written, this best-selling ophthalmology resource equips you to understand eye pathology. Key Features:•Identify ocular diseases and disorders with the aid of more than 750 high-quality color illustrations.•Master the latest knowledge in the field with thorough updates on abusive head trauma; spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT); the revised IC3D classification of corneal dystrophies; IgG4-related disease; the genetics of melanoma and retinoblastoma; interpretation of lamellar keratoplasty specimens from DALK, DSEK, and refractive surgical procedures; ;; immunohistochemistry; and much more.•Gauge your mastery of the material with more than 650 multiple-choice review questions online.Now with the print edition, enjoy the bundled interactive eBook edition, offering tablet, smartphone, or online access to: •Complete content with enhanced navigation•A powerful search that pulls results from content in the book, your notes, and even the web•Cross-linked pages, references, and more for easy navigation•Highlighting tool for easier reference of key content throughout the text•Ability to take and share notes with friends and colleagues•Quick reference tabbing to save your favorite content for future use

 

Table of Contents:

chapter01 An Introduction to Ocular Anatomy and Histology

chapter02 Congenital and Developmental Anomalies

chapter03 Inflammation

chapter04 Ocular Trauma

chapter05 Conjunctiva

chapter06 Cornea and Sclera

chapter07 The Lens

chapter08 Glaucoma

chapter09 Retina and Vitreous

chapter11 Intraocular Tumors in Adults

chapter12 Retinoblastoma and Simulating Lesions

chapter13 The Eyelid and Lacrimal Drainage System

chapter14 Orbit and Optic Nerve

chapter16 Laboratory Techniques, Special Stains, and Immunohistochemistry

Online Questions

Chapter 1: An Introduction to Ocular Anatomy and Histology

Chapter 1 Introduction

Figure 1-1

Figure 1-2: The iris.

Figure 1-3: The retina.

Figure 1-4: The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE).

Figure 1-5: Ciliary body.

Figure 1-6: The lens.

Figure 1-7: The suspensory ligament of the lens.

Figure 1-8: The cornea.

Figure 1-9: The iridocorneal angle and aqueous outflow pathways.

Figure 1-10: The optic nerve.

Bibliography

Chapter 2: Congenital and Developmental Anomalies

Chapter 2 Introduction

Figure 2-1: Trisomy 13.

Figure 2-2: Microphthalmos with colobomatous cyst.

Chromosomal Anomalies

Figure 2-3: Brushfield spots, trisomy 21.

Heritable Disorders with Ocular Manifestations

Figure 2-4: Aniridia.

Phakomatoses (Familial Tumor Syndromes)

Figure 2-5: Elephantiasis neuromatosa, von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF-1).

Figure 2-6: von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF-1) Choroidal infiltrate, NF-1.

Figure 2-7: Lisch nodules, NF-1.

Figure 2-8: Plexiform neurofibroma, NF-1.

Figure 2-9

Figure 2-10: Retinal hemangioblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome.

Figure 2-11: Sturge-Weber syndrome.

Figure 2-12: Cavernous hemangioma the retina.

Bibliography

General References

Chromosomal Anomalies

Aniridia and Other Iris Anomalies

Neurofibromatosis

Tuberous Sclerosis Complex

Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome

Sturge-Weber Syndrome

Chapter 3: Inflammation

Introduction

Figure 3-1: Acute dacryocystitis.

The Classification of Inflammation

Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

Figure 3-2: Inflammatory cells.

Eosinophils

Lymphocytes

Plasma Cells

Figure 3-3: Russell bodies.

Figure 3-4: Iritis.

Mast Cells

Figure 3-5

Macrophages

Figure 3-6: Macrophages.

Epithelioid Histiocytes and Giant Cells

Figure 3-7

Figure 3-8

Figure 3-9: Foreign body giant cell.

Granulomatous Inflammation

Patterns of Chronic Granulomatous Inflammation

Figure 3-10: Patterns of granulomatous inflammation.

Figure 3-11: Granulation tissue.

Endophthalmitis and Panophthalmitis

Figure 3-12: Vitreous abscess, acute bacterial endophthalmitis.

Figure 3-13: Fungal endophthalmitis.

Figure 3-14

Figure 3-15: Exogenous endophthalmitis due to infected filtering bleb.

Figure 3-16: Propionibacterium acnes localized endophthalmitis.

Figure 3-17: Endogenous fungal endophthalmitis, aspergillosis.

Figure 3-18: Endogenous endophthalmitis secondary to Nocardia.

Viral Retinitis

Figure 3-19: Cytomegalovirus retinitis.

Figure 3-20: Progressive Outer Retinal Necrosis (PORN) syndrome.

Toxoplasma Retinochoroiditis

Figure 3-21: Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis.

Uveitis

The Sequelae of Ocular Inflammation

Figure 3-22: Cyclitic membrane.

Figure 3-23

Bibliography

General References

Inflammatory Mediators

Inflammatory Cells

Granulomatous Inflammation

Bacterial Endophthalmitis

Fungal Endophthalmitis

HIV/AIDS

Viral Retinitis

Uveitis

Parasitic Infection

Chapter 4: Ocular Trauma

Chapter 4 Introduction

Figure 4-1

Figure 4-2

Figure 4-3

Figure 4-4: Spontaneous expulsive hemorrhage.

Sympathetic Uveitis (Sympathetic Ophthalmia)

Figure 4-5: Sympathetic uveitis.

Contusion Injuries

Figure 4-6: Anterior retinal avulsion, contusion injury.

Figure 4-7

Figure 4-8: Corneal blood staining.

Figure 4-9: Contusion injuries, anterior segment.

Intraocular Foreign Bodies

Figure 4-10: Intraocular foreign body (BB).

Figure 4-11: Siderosis.

Figure 4-12

Chemical Injuries

Figure 4-13: Alkali injury.

Wound Healing

Figure 4-14: Scar of corneal laceration.

Surgical Complications

Figure 4-15

Figure 4-16: Extramedullary hematopoiesis, traumatized eye with chronic intraocular hemorrhage.

Bibliography

Surgical Trauma

Nonsurgical Trauma

Sympathetic Uveitis

Intraocular Foreign Bodies

Chemical Burns

Radiation Injuries

Chapter 5: Conjunctiva

Chapter 5 Introduction

Figure 5-1: Conjunctival epithelium.

Developmental Lesions

Figure 5-2: Developmental lesions.

Figure 5-3: Osseous choristoma, conjunctiva.

Conjunctivitis

Figure 5-4: Acute purulent conjunctivitis.

Figure 5-5: Ligneous conjunctivitis.

Chronic Conjunctivitis

Figure 5-6

Figure 5-7: Trachoma, conjunctival smear.

Figure 5-8: Conjunctival papillae.

Figure 5-9: Vernal conjunctivitis.

Chronic Granulomatous Conjunctivitis

Figure 5-10: Sarcoidosis.

Figure 5-11: Cat scratch disease, conjunctiva.

Figure 5-12: Synthetic fiber granuloma.

Figure 5-13

Figure 5-14: Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid.

Figure 5-15

Degenerations

Figure 5-16: Pinguecula.

Figure 5-17: Amyloidosis, conjunctiva.

Conjunctival Cysts

Conjunctival Neoplasms

Squamous Epithelial Lesions

Figure 5-18: Conjunctival papilloma.

Figure 5-19: Actinic keratosis, conjunctiva.

Figure 5-20: Squamous cell lesions, conjunctiva.

Figure 5-21: Squamous cell neoplasms.

Figure 5-22

Figure 5-23

Figure 5-24: Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis, conjunctiva.

Pigmented Lesions of the Conjunctiva

Figure 5-25

Figure 5-26: Constitutional melanosis.

Figure 5-27: Hormone-induced changes in conjunctival nevus.

Figure 5-28: Compound cystic nevus, conjunctiva.

Figure 5-29: Congenital ocular melanocytosis.

Primary Acquired Melanosis (Intraepithelial Melanocytic Proliferation)

Figure 5-30: Primary acquired melanosis.

Conjunctival Melanoma

Figure 5-31: Malignant melanoma arising from PAM with atypia.

Lymphoid Neoplasms

Figure 5-32: Conjunctival MALT lymphoma.

Figure 5-33: Benign reactive lymphoid hyperplasia.

Figure 5-34: Follicular lymphoma.

Caruncular Lesions

Figure 5-35: Caruncular lesions.

Figure 5-36: Oncocytoma, caruncle.

Bibliography

Developmental Lesions

Conjunctivitis

Granulomatous Conjunctivitis

Parasitic and Mycotic Infections

Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid

Amyloidosis

Conjunctival Tumors

Squamous Epithelial Lesions

Melanocytic Lesions

Lymphoid Lesions

Miscellaneous Lesions

Tumors of the Caruncle

Chapter 6: Cornea and Sclera

Corneal Histology

Developmental Anomalies

Figure 6-1: Posterior embryotoxon.

Figure 6-2: Peters anomaly.

Figure 6-3: Aniridia keratopathy.

Corneal Inflammation

Acute Keratitis and Corneal Ulceration

Figure 6-4: Acute keratitis.

Figure 6-5: Pseudomonas sclerokeratitis.

Figure 6-6: Infectious pseudocrystalline keratopathy.

Figure 6-7: Fungal keratitis.

Figure 6-8: Acute keratitis secondary to Candida after DSEK.

Viral Keratitis

Figure 6-9: Herpes simplex keratitis.

Interstitial Keratitis

Figure 6-10: Chronic luetic interstitial keratitis.

Parasitic Keratitis

Figure 6-11: Microsporidia keratitis.

Figure 6-12: Acanthamoeba keratitis.

Peripheral Corneal Ulcers

Figure 6-13: Mooren ulcer.

Pterygium

Figure 6-14: Pterygium.

Other Corneal Degenerations

Figure 6-15: Band keratopathy.

Figure 6-16: Chronic actinic keratopathy.

Figure 6-17: Corneal staphyloma.

Figure 6-18: Keratomalacia secondary to avitaminosis

Figure 6-19: Degenerative pannus, chronic corneal edema.

Keratoconus

Figure 6-20: Keratoconus.

Figure 6-21: Keratoconus, characteristic dehiscences in the Bowman membrane.

Corneal Dystrophies

Epithelial and Subepithelial Dystrophies

Epithelial–Stromal Dystrophies Caused by Mutations in TGFBI

Stromal Dystrophies

Figure 6-22: Epithelial dystrophies.

Figure 6-23: Gelatinous drop-like dystrophy.

Figure 6-24

Figure 6-25: Lattice corneal dystrophy, type I.

Figure 6-26: Granular corneal dystrophy.

Figure 6-27: Granular dystrophy type 2 recurrent in flap after LASIK.

Figure 6-28: Macular corneal dystrophy.

Figure 6-29: Schnyder corneal dystrophy.

Corneal Edema, Bullous Keratopathy, and the Endothelial Dystrophies

Figure 6-30: Corneal edema.

Figure 6-31: Fuchs dystrophy.

Figure 6-32: Fuchs dystrophy, flat preparations of DSEK specimens.

Figure 6-33: Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy.

Figure 6-34: Posterior polymorphous dystrophy.

Corneal Manifestations of Systemic Disease

Figure 6-35: Corneal rings.

Figure 6-36: Immunoglobulin deposits in protein dyscrasias.

Corneal Transplantation

Figure 6-37: Lamellar keratoplasty.

The Sclera

Figure 6-38: Rheumatoid scleritis.

Bibliography

Developmental Lesions

Bacterial Keratitis

Herpetic Keratitis

Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis

Interstitial Keratitis

Acanthamoeba Keratitis

Other Types of Parasitic and Protozoal Keratitis

Peripheral Corneal Ulcerations

Corneal Degenerations

Vitamin A Deficiency

Keratoconus

Corneal Dystrophies

Epithelial and Bowman’s Membrane Dystrophies

Stromal Dystrophies

Endothelial Dystrophies

The Cornea in Systemic Disease

Sclera

Chapter 7: The Lens

Chapter 7 Introduction

Congenital Anomalies of the Lens

Figure 7-1

Figure 7-2: Developmental cataracts.

Cataract

Figure 7-3: Pseudophakia.

Figure 7-4: Common types of cataract.

Figure 7-5: Nuclear sclerosis.

Figure 7-6: Oxalate crystals, nuclear sclerosis.

Figure 7-7: Cortical cataract.

Figure 7-8: Morgagnian cataract.

Figure 7-9: Anterior subcapsular cataract.

Figure 7-10: Capsular fibrosis, postextracapsular cataract extraction (post-ECCE).

Figure 7-11: Bladder cells, posterior subcapsular cataract.

Figure 7-12: Elschnig pearls, post-ECCE.

Complicated Cataracts

Figure 7-13: Fuchs heterochromic cyclitis.

Sugar Cataracts: Diabetes Mellitus and Galactosemia

Cataract and Systemic Disease

Traumatic Cataracts

Figure 7-14: Soemmerring ring cataract, post-ECCE.

Toxic Cataract

Lens Capsular Abnormalities

Figure 7-15: Pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule.

Figure 7-16: Pseudoexfoliation syndrome, iris pigment epithelium.

Figure 7-17: Polychromasia capsulare.

Zonular Fibers and Ectopia Lentis

Figure 7-18: Ectopia lentis.

Bibliography

Developmental Anomalies

Rubella Cataract

Cataract in Genetic Syndromes

Senile Cataract

Posterior Capsular Opacification

Posterior Subcapsular Cataract

Cataracts Caused by Ocular Disease (Complicated Cataracts)

Sugar Cataracts

Cataracts Associated with Systemic Disease

Traumatic Cataract

Toxic Cataract

True Exfoliation of the Lens Capsule

Pseudoexfoliation of the Lens Capsule

Heritable Lens Dislocation (Ectopia Lentis)

Chapter 8: Glaucoma

Chapter 8 Introduction

Figure 8-1: Normal perifoveal retina (A) compared to glaucomatous retinal atrophy (B).

Figure 8-2

Figure 8-3: Glaucomatous optic atrophy, scanning electron micrograph (SEM).

Figure 8-4: Iridocorneal angle.

Figure 8-5

Classification of the Glaucomas

Figure 8-6: Open and closed anterior chamber angles.

Developmental Glaucoma

Figure 8-7: Congenital glaucoma.

Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

Primary Closed-Angle Glaucoma

Secondary Closed-Angle Glaucoma

Figure 8-8: Iris bombe.

Figure 8-9: Epithelial downgrowth.

Figure 8-10: Neovascular glaucoma.

Figure 8-11: Neovascular glaucoma.

Figure 8-12: Neovascular glaucoma.

Figure 8-13

Figure 8-14: ICE syndrome, Cogan-Reese variant.

Neovascular Glaucoma

The Iridocorneal Endothelial (ICE) Syndrome

Secondary Open-Angle Glaucoma

Figure 8-15: Phacolytic glaucoma.

Figure 8-16

Figure 8-17: Pigmentary glaucoma-iris transillumination.

Figure 8-18: Pigmentary glaucoma.

Figure 8-19: Ring melanoma.

Figure 8-20: Secondary closed-angle glaucoma in eyes with choroidal melanomas and total retinal detachments.

Figure 8-21

Ocular Tissue Changes in Glaucomatous Eyes

Bibliography

Genetics and Pathogenesis

Developmental Glaucoma

Primary Open Angle Glaucoma

Angle Closure Glaucoma

Neovascular Glaucoma

The Iridocorneal Endothelial Syndrome

Phacolytic Glaucoma

Pigmentary Glaucoma

Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome

Other Secondary Glaucomas

Tumors and Glaucoma

Chapter 9: Retina

Chapter 9 Introduction

Developmental Anomalies

Figure 9-1: Albinism.

Retinal Hemorrhages and Exudates

Figure 9-2: Retinal hemorrhages.

Figure 9-3: Abusive head trauma (shaken baby syndrome).

Figure 9-4: Retinal exudates.

Figure 9-5: Macular star figure.

Figure 9-6: Cotton-wool spots.

Angioid Streaks

Figure 9-7: Angioid streaks.

Retinal Artery and Arteriolar Occlusions

Figure 9-8

Figure 9-9: Retinal opacification.

Figure 9-10: Giant cell arteritis, temporal artery biopsy.

Retinal Venous Occlusion

Figure 9-11: Central retinal vein occlusion.

Hypertensive Retinopathy

Retinal Arteriosclerosis

Figure 9-12: Retinal arteriolar sclerosis.

Cystoid Macular Edema

Figure 9-13: Cystoid macular edema.

Macular Holes

Age-Related Maculopathy (AMD; Age-Related Macular Degeneration, ARMD)

Figure 9-14

Figure 9-15: Atrophic form of age-related macular degeneration.

Figure 9-16: Exudative form of age-related macular degeneration.

Figure 9-17: Drusen.

Figure 9-18: Ocular histoplasmosis syndrome.

The Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Stargardt Disease (Fundus Flavimaculatus)

Figure 9-19: Stargardt disease (fundus flavimaculatus).

Retinitis Pigmentosa

Figure 9-20: Retinitis pigmentosa.

Other Heritable Disorders of the Retina

Figure 9-21: Tay-Sachs disease.

Toxic Retinopathies

Peripheral Retinal Degenerations

Figure 9-22: Peripheral retinal degenerations.

Figure 9-23: Peripheral microcystoid degeneration.

Figure 9-24

Figure 9-25: Pars plana cysts.

Retinal Detachment

Figure 9-26: Retinal holes.

Figure 9-27: Tractional retinal detachments, proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Figure 9-28: Chronic retinal detachment.

True and Artifactitious Retinal Detachments

Signs of Chronic Retinal Detachment

The Ocular Pathology of Diabetes Mellitus

Figure 9-29

Figure 9-30

Figure 9-31: Proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Figure 9-32

Sickle Hemoglobinopathy

New Retinal Imaging Techniques

Figure 9-33: SD-OCT of outer retinal layers.

Figure 9-34: Foveal detachment: SD-OCT and correlative histopathology.

Bibliography

Albinism and Other Developmental Anomalies

Retinal Hemorrhages and Exudates

Angioid Streaks

Retinal Vascular Occlusion

Hypertensive Retinopathy

Age-Related Maculopathy

Toxic Maculopathies

Hereditary Maculopathies

Gyrate Atrophy

Retinitis Pigmentosa

Choroideremia

Other Heritable Retinal Disorders

Peripheral Retinal Degenerations

Juvenile Retinoschisis

Lattice Degeneration

Pars Plana Cysts

Diabetic Retinopathy

Sickle Retinopathy

Macular Holes

Retinal Detachment and Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy

Retinal Imaging

Chapter 10: Vitreous

Chapter 10 Introduction

Figure 10-1: Posterior vitreous detachment.

Figure 10-2: Epiretinal gliosis (surface wrinkling retinopathy).

Figure 10-3: Anterior variant of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR).

Figure 10-4: Chronic vitreous hemorrhage.

Figure 10-5: Asteroid hyalosis.

Figure 10-6: Synchysis scintillans.

Figure 10-7: Vitreous amyloidosis.

Primary Intraocular Lymphoma

Figure 10-8: Primary vitreous lymphoma.

Figure 10-9: Vitreous involvement by tumor cells.

Figure 10-10: Whipple disease.

Bibliography

Posterior Vitreous Detachment

Vitreoretinal Membranes and Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy

Vitreous Hemorrhage

Asteroid Hyalosis

Vitreous Amyloidosis

Vitreous Lymphoma

Whipple Disease

Vitreous Involvement by Other Tumors

Chapter 11: Intraocular Tumors in Adults

Melanocytic Tumors of the Uveal Tract

Introduction

Figure 11-1

Nevi

Figure 11-2: Choroidal nevus.

Melanocytoma (Magnocellular Nevus)

Figure 11-3: Melanocytoma.

Figure 11-4: Melanocytoma.

Uveal Malignant Melanoma

Clinical Features

Diagnosis

Gross Pathology

Histopathology

Prognostic Factors

The Genetics of Uveal Melanoma

Iris Nevus and Melanoma

Treatment

Figure 11-5: Necrotic melanoma presenting as aseptic orbital cellulitis.

Figure 11-6: Inadvertently eviscerated choroidal melanoma.

Figure 11-7: Choroidal melanoma.

Figure 11-8: Gross pathology, uveal melanoma.

Figure 11-9: Mushroom-shaped choroidal melanoma.

Figure 11-10: Diffuse ciliochoroidal melanoma.

Figure 11-11: Extraocular extension, uveal melanoma.

Figure 11-12: Orange pigment.

Figure 11-13: The biological spectrum of uveal melanoma.

Figure 11-14: Uveal melanoma cells.

Figure 11-15: Tumor giant cells, uveal melanoma.

Figure 11-16

Figure 11-17

Figure 11-18: Prognostic features in uveal melanoma.

Figure 11-19: Iris freckle.

Figure 11-20: Iris melanoma.

Figure 11-21: Iris melanoma, mixed cell type, arising from nevus.

Figure 11-22: Multicentric tapioca melanoma of the iris.

Figure 11-23: Adenoma of iris pigment epithelium.

The Differential Diagnosis of Uveal Melanoma

Choroidal Hemangioma

Vasoproliferative Tumor/Reactive Retinal Astrocytic Tumor

Figure 11-24

Figure 11-25: Retinal vasoproliferative tumor/reactive retinal astrocytic tumor.

Uveal Metastases

Figure 11-26: Carcinoma metastatic to choroid.

Figure 11-27: Occult small cell pulmonary carcinoma metastatic to choroid.

Other Intraocular Tumors

Figure 11-28: RPE tumors.

Figure 11-29: Fuchs (coronal) adenoma.

Figure 11-30: Ciliary epithelial neoplasms.

Figure 11-31: Pleomorphic carcinoma of the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium.

Figure 11-32

Figure 11-33: Leiomyoma, ciliary body.

Figure 11-34: Benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor, choroid.

Figure 11-35: Choroidal osteoma.

Figure 11-36: Primary choroidal lymphoma.

Bibliography

Nevi

Melanocytoma

Uveal Melanoma—Epidemiology and Predisposing Features

Uveal Melanoma—Clinical Features

Uveal Melanoma—Pathology

Iris Melanoma

Uveal Melanoma—Prognostic Features

Uveal Melanoma—Treatment

Choroidal Metastases

Leukemia

Ocular Lymphoma

Histiocytic Lesions

Leiomyoma and Hemangiopericytoma

Hemangioma

Vasoproliferative Tumor

Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors

Medulloepithelioma in Adults

Astrocytic Tumors

Tumors of the Iris and Ciliary Epithelium

Tumors of the Retinal Pigment Epithelial

Choroidal Osteoma and Sclerochoroidal Calcification

Chapter 12: Retinoblastoma and Simulating Lesions

Chapter 12 Introduction

Clinical Presentation

Figure 12-1

Figure 12-2: Late presentation.

Gross Pathology and Growth Patterns

Figure 12-3: Growth patterns.

Figure 12-4: Diffuse infiltrating retinoblastoma.

Histopathology

Figure 12-5: Histopathology.

Figure 12-6: Calcification.

Figure 12-7: DNA deposition.

Figure 12-8: Histologic assessment of retinoblastoma.

Tumor Differentiation: Rosettes and Fleurettes

Figure 12-9: Rosettes.

Figure 12-10: Retinoblastoma, photoreceptor differentiation.

Figure 12-11

Natural History and Prognostic Factors

Figure 12-12: Retinoblastoma high-risk features.

Figure 12-13: Grading of anaplasia in retinoblastoma.

Molecular Genetics and the Retinoblastoma Oncogene

Figure 12-14

Figure 12-15: The retinoblastoma gene.

Figure 12-16

Figure 12-17: Bilateral retinoblastoma.

Table 12-1: Genetic Counseling: Risk That Subsequent Child Will Have Retinoblastoma

Figure 12-18: RB1+/+ retinoblastoma.

The Classification and Treatment of Retinoblastoma

The Differential Diagnosis of Retinoblastoma

Table 12-2: The Differential Diagnosis of Retinoblastoma

Toxocariasis

Figure 12-19

Persistent Fetal Vasculature/Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous (PHPV)

Figure 12-20: Persistent fetal vasculature.

Coats Disease

Figure 12-21: Xanthocoria, Coats disease.

Figure 12-22: Coats disease, histopathology.

Retinopathy of Prematurity

Figure 12-23: Retinopathy of prematurity.

Retinal Detachment

Incontinentia Pigmenti (Bloch-Sulzberger)

Norrie Disease

Retinal Dysplasia and Trisomy 13

Medulloepithelioma and other Pediatric Intraocular Tumors

Figure 12-24: Medulloepithelioma.

Astrocytic Lesions

Figure 12-25: Acquired astrocytoma.

Other Simulating Lesions

Bibliography

Epidemiology

Clinical Features

Histopathology and Ultrastructure

Risk Factors for Metastasis

Retinoma/Retinocytoma and Spontaneous Regression

The Retinoblastoma Gene and the Genetics of Retinoblastoma

“Trilateral Retinoblastoma” and Other Second Tumors

Therapy

The Differential Diagnosis of Retinoblastoma

Toxocariasis

PHPV/PFV

Coats Disease

Retinopathy of Prematurity

Incontinentia Pigmenti

Norrie Disease

Retinal Dysplasia

Medulloepithelioma

Astrocytic Hamartomas and Astrocytomas

Hematopoietic Lesions

Lacrimal Gland Choristomas

Other Rare Neoplasms

Miscellaneous Lesions

Chapter 13: Eyelid

Introduction

Figure 13-1

Terms Used in Skin Pathology

Congenital and Developmental Lesions

Figure 13-2

Figure 13-3: Zimmerman’s tumor (phakomatous choristoma).

Aging Changes

Common Inflammatory Lesions of the Eyelid

Figure 13-4: Chalazion.

Viral Lesions

Benign Cystic Lesions

Benign Epidermal Lesions

Keratoacanthoma

Figure 13-5: Viral lesions.

Figure 13-6: Molluscum contagiosum.

Figure 13-7: Ectoparasites, eyelids.

Figure 13-8: Epidermal inclusion cyst.

Figure 13-9: Eccrine hidrocystoma.

Figure 13-10: Apocrine hidrocystoma.

Figure 13-11: Benign papillomatous lesions.

Figure 13-12: Squamous papillomas.

Figure 13-13: Seborrheic keratosis.

Figure 13-14: Inverted follicular keratosis.

Figure 13-15: Keratoacanthoma.

Malignant Tumors of the Eyelid

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Actinic Keratosis and Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Sebaceous Carcinoma and Other Sebaceous Tumors

Melanocytic Lesions

Adnexal Tumors

Other Lesions

Eyelid Markers for Systemic Malignancy

Lacrimal Drainage System

Figure 13-16: Basal cell carcinoma.

Figure 13-17: Morpheaform basal cell carcinoma.

Figure 13-18: Basal and squamous cell carcinoma.

Figure 13-19

Figure 13-20: Squamous cell carcinoma.

Figure 13-21: Sebaceous carcinoma.

Figure 13-22

Figure 13-23: Low-grade sebaceous neoplasm with somatic mutations in MMR genes.

Figure 13-24

Figure 13-25: Lentigo maligna melanoma.

Figure 13-26: Syringoma.

Figure 13-27

Figure 13-28: Endocrine mucin-producing sweat gland carcinoma.

Figure 13-29: Pilomatrixoma (calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe).

Figure 13-30: Xanthelasma.

Figure 13-31: Atypical xanthelasma in patient with orbital xanthogranuloma with adult-onset asthma.

Figure 13-32: Eyelid myxoma, Carney complex.

Figure 13-33

Figure 13-34: Papillary squamous carcinoma, lacrimal sac.

Bibliography

Developmental Lesions

Benign Lesions

Keratoacanthoma

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Predisposing Lesions

Sebaceous Tumors

Melanocytic Lesions

Adnexal Tumors

Eyelid Markers for Systemic Disease

Merkel Cell Carcinoma

Miscellaneous Lesions

Lacrimal Sac

Chapter 14: Orbit

Introduction

Figure 14-1: Orbital contents.

Figure 14-2

Orbital Inflammatory Disease

Figure 14-3: Orbital cellulitis.

Figure 14-4: Allergic fungal sinusitis.

Figure 14-5: Mucormycosis.

Figure 14-6

Figure 14-7: IgG4-related disease, orbit.

Figure 14-8: Orbital silicone oil granuloma after vitreoretinal surgery.

Orbital Tumors

Orbital Tumors in Adults

Lymphoid Tumors

Figure 14-9: Lymphoid tumors.

Figure 14-10

Vascular Lesions

Neurogenic Tumors

Solitary Fibrous Tumor (SFT), Fibrous Histiocytoma, and Hemangiopericytoma

Figure 14-11: Cavernous hemangioma (malformation), orbit.

Figure 14-12: Vascular lesions.

Figure 14-13: Schwannoma (neurilemoma).

Figure 14-14: Solitary fibrous tumor, orbit.

Figure 14-15: Fibro-osseous lesions.

The Lacrimal Gland

Epithelial Tumors of the Lacrimal Gland

Secondary Orbital Tumors

Pediatric Orbital Tumors

Figure 14-16: Lacrimal gland.

Figure 14-17: Pleomorphic adenoma (benign mixed tumor), lacrimal gland.

Figure 14-18: ACC, lacrimal gland.

Figure 14-19: Rare malignant tumors of lacrimal gland.

Figure 14-20: Secondary orbital lesions.

Figure 14-21: Pediatric orbital lesions.

Figure 14-22: Dermoid cyst.

Figure 14-23: Orbital rhabdomyosarcoma.

Figure 14-24

Bibliography

General References

Orbital Cellulitis

Fungal Infection

Thyroid Ophthalmology

Idiopathic Orbital Inflammation (Pseudotumor)

Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener, GPA)

Orbital Xanthogranuloma

Lymphoid Tumors

Vascular Tumors

Neural Tumors

Mesenchymal Tumors

Rare Orbital Tumors

Osseous and Fibro-osseous Lesions

Lacrimal Gland Tumors

Orbital Metastasis

Mucocele

Dermoid Cysts

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Other Pediatric Orbital Tumors

Leukemic and Histiocytic Disorders

Chapter 15: Optic Nerve

Chapter 15 Introduction

Figure 15-1

Figure 15-2: Optic disc drusen.

Optic Disc Edema (Papilledema)

Figure 15-3: Optic disc edema.

Optic Atrophy

Figure 15-4: Optic atrophy.

Figure 15-5: Schnabel cavernous optic atrophy.

Figure 15-6: Pseudo-Schnabel cavernous atrophy.

Optic Neuritis

Figure 15-7: Sarcoid optic neuropathy.

Optic Nerve Neoplasms

Figure 15-8: Optic nerve glioma.

Figure 15-9: Malignant glioma, optic nerve.

Figure 15-10: Meningioma of the optic nerve.

Figure 15-11: Leukemic optic neuropathy.

Bibliography

Developmental Lesions

Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy

Optic Disk Edema

Optic Disk Drusen

Schnabel Cavernous Degeneration of the Optic Nerve

Pseudo-Schnabel Cavernous Degeneration of the Optic Nerve

Optic Neuritis and Optic Atrophy

Optic Nerve Gliomas

Optic Nerve Meningiomas

Chapter 16: Laboratory Techniques and Special Stains

Specimen Handling in the Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory

Fixation

Specimen Orientation

Measurement

Figure 16-1: Orientation of globe, posterior landmarks.

Figure 16-2

Inspection and Description

Transillumination

Dissection

Figure 16-3

Sectioning Technique

Routine Histopathology: Dehydration, Embedding, and Microtomy

Staining

Figure 16-4: Staining, H&E stain.

Figure 16-5: Special stains for microorganisms.

Special Histochemical Stains

Immunohistochemistry

Other Ocular Specimens

Frozen Section Diagnosis

Lymphoid Tumors

Other Diagnostic Tools

The Ophthalmologist and the Pathology Laboratory

Figure 16-6: Immunohistochemistry.

Figure 16-7: IHC in breast carcinoma.

Table 16-1: Immunohistochemical Markers Commonly Used in Ophthalmic Pathology

Table 16-2: Immunoprofiles of Various Ocular Lesions

Figure 16-8

Bibliography

Appendix

 

An aparitie	2016
Autor	Ralph C. Eagle
Dimensiuni	21.84 x 2.03 x 27.94 cm
Editura	LWW
Format	Hardcover
ISBN	9781496337177
Limba	Engleza
Nr pag	384
Versiune digitala	DA